Selected Primary Health Care Challenges

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Questions and Answers

What major shift occurred around 2000 in global health policy concerning health improvements?

An emphasis on community participation and social justice.

A focus on health as a universal human right.

Integration of social determinants of health into policy frameworks.

A transition from comprehensive approaches to disease-focused interventions. (correct)

Which of the following values was NOT addressed in the documents pertaining to the Millennium Development Goals?

Social justice

Community participation

Economic equity (correct)

Equity in health access

What was a significant challenge in translating the Primary Health Care (PHC) vision into reality?

Overemphasis on financial concerns. (correct)

A lack of clear policy implementation strategies.

Understanding the social determinants of health.

Failure to prioritize disease prevention over cure.

How did the focus on the Millennium Development Goals affect the General Health Agenda?

It moved the focus away from community engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health care was reinstated at the forefront of the health agenda in 2008?

Comprehensive Primary Health Care (PHC). Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Selected Primary Health Care (SPHC) approach?

Tackling diseases with the highest prevalence, mortality risk, and cost-effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

How does the Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) view health interventions?

Through a holistic perspective that encompasses multiple dimensions of health Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is aimed at the SPHC approach compared to CPHC?

SPHC is seen as too visionary to implement in low-income countries. Signup and view all the answers

What framework is commonly used to assess the success of health interventions within CPHC?

Randomized control trials (RCTs) Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is emphasized in the SPHC approach?

Focusing on interventions for diseases that can be effectively controlled Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the SPHC approach aim to address regarding the traditional view of health care?

Balancing cost and effectiveness in health improvements. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does SPHC differ from traditional health care interventions?

It prioritizes interventions with proven high effectiveness and low cost. Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception may arise regarding PHC programs among stakeholders?

PHC programs serve as effective means of improving overall health status. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major critique of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in the context of assessing health interventions?

They fail to address social determinants of health. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach to healthcare that emphasizes equity, community participation, and collaboration?

Integrated diagonal programmes combining elements of both vertical and horizontal approaches. Signup and view all the answers

Why are health outcomes considered contextual according to the discussed approach?

They depend on historical and experiential factors beyond healthcare. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do funders face when attempting to justify financing for Primary Health Care (PHC) programmes?

Difficulty in identifying replicable health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health policy does the debate currently focus on?

The delivery model of health services—vertical vs horizontal. Signup and view all the answers

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define health?

A comprehensive state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of traditional health intervention assessments?

They assume uniformity in patient behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health policy planning, what has been highlighted as a point of contention?

The balance between disease-specific and social determinant-focused interventions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Primary Health Care (PHC) Overview

Selected Primary Health Care (SPHC) proposed in 1979 by Walsh and Warren aims to address health improvements practically.
SPHC focuses on diseases with high prevalence, mortality risk, and cost-effective control.
Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) offers a holistic approach, initially supported by United Nations agencies emphasizing health as a human right.

Global Health Policy Shift

The publication of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 shifted focus from comprehensive PHC to disease-specific outcomes.
Universal health coverage (UHC) became a central goal, sidelining social determinants and community participation.
This shift distanced policies from PHC values like social justice and equity.

Challenges in Implementing PHC

Adoption of a vertical disease-focused agenda undermines the complexity of implementing comprehensive PHC.
The reliance on randomized control trials (RCTs) for assessing PHC interventions overlooks contextual factors affecting outcomes.
Outcomes in health are often unpredictable due to varying historical and social influences.

Re-emergence and Current Debates

PHC gained attention again in 2008 through two reports from the WHO, emphasizing its importance.
Persistent debates focus on whether health services should adopt a vertical or horizontal delivery approach.
Diagonal programs have been proposed to integrate vertical disease focus with horizontal concerns about social determinants.

Evaluation of PHC

RCTs serve as a standard for assessing biomedical interventions but may not capture the complexities of PHC.
The evaluation framework for health improvements requires adjustment to account for equity and community participation.
Justifying funding for PHC programs is challenging due to the unpredictability of replicable outcomes in different contexts.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of Selected Primary Health Care (SPHC) as proposed by Walsh and Warren in 1979. It examines the implications of SPHC on health care delivery in both industrialized and low to middle-income countries. Test your understanding of the historical and contemporary challenges in health care systems!