Sedatives and Tranquilizers in Veterinary Medicine

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary indication for Atipamezole?

Reversal of central sedative effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists (correct)

Anesthesia in dogs and cats

Sedation in horses

Pain management in small animals

Which of the following is a contraindication for Romifidine?

Penile prolapse

Heart block (correct)

Hypertension

Bradycardia

What is the primary difference between a sedative and a tranquilizer?

Tranquilizers are used for painful procedures, while sedatives are used for non-painful procedures.

Sedatives are used for minor surgery, while tranquilizers are used for restraint.

Sedatives are used for anxious animals, while tranquilizers are used for excited animals.

Sedatives produce drowsiness and hypnosis, while tranquilizers produce a state of calmness without drowsiness. (correct)

Which species is Dexmedetomidine commonly used in?

Dogs and cats Signup and view all the answers

What factor can affect the level of sedation achieved with a drug?

Initial degree of excitement of the animal Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Alpha2-adrenergic agonists?

Stimulation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of combining Dexmedetomidine with opioids and ketamine?

Production of surgical anesthetic levels Signup and view all the answers

Why are preanesthetic agents administered?

To reduce the dose of general anesthetic needed Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction to consider when administering sedatives or tranquilizers?

Interacting with simultaneously administered opioids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Yohimbine in veterinary medicine?

Reversal agent for alpha2-adrenergic agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical use of sedatives or tranquilizers?

To facilitate minor surgery and radiographic examination Signup and view all the answers

When are preanesthetic agents typically administered?

15-20 minutes before the administration of a general anesthetic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a competitive antagonist with a high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor site of the GABAA receptor?

Flumazenil Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists on the sympathetic nervous system?

Decrease NE release from the presynaptic nerve endings Signup and view all the answers

In which species are alpha-2 adrenergic agonists most commonly used?

Dogs, cats, and horses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in veterinary medicine?

To provide sedation and analgesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists on the cardiovascular system?

Biphasic effect, with initial hypertension and bradycardia followed by hypotension and bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anticholinergic agents in the context of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists?

To counteract the biphasic cardiovascular effect of alpha-2 agonists Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sedatives and Tranquilizers

Sedatives produce drowsiness and hypnosis, while tranquilizers produce a state of calmness without drowsiness and reduce anxiety.

Phenothiazines

None mentioned in the provided text.

Butyrophenones

Azaperone is used to produce a deeper sedation.
Adverse side effects of butorphanol include sweating, muscle tremors, penile prolapse, bradycardia, and heart block.

Benzodiazepines and Antagonists

Benzodiazepine antagonist: Flumazenil
MOA: Competitive antagonist with a high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor site of the GABAA receptor
Indication: Reversal agent of benzodiazepine agonists

Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists

Examples: xylazine, medetomidine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, and romifidine
MOA: Stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the CNS, decreasing NE release from presynaptic nerve endings
Indications: Sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, restraint, and as an adjunct to anesthetics
Effects: Profound sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, as well as a biphasic cardiovascular effect (hypertension and bradycardia, followed by hypotension and bradycardia)

Alpha2-Adrenergic Antagonists

Examples: Atipamezole and Yohimbine
Indication: Reversal agents of the central sedative effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists

Clinical Uses

For restraint
To facilitate handling and transport
To facilitate minor surgery and radiographic examination
To modify behavior
As a preanesthetic agent
Antihistamine effect (anti-emetic, anti-motion sickness, reduce itching and scratching due to allergies)

Preanesthetic Agents

Drugs administered to an animal prior to the induction of general anesthesia
Usually given 15-20 minutes before the administration of a general anesthetic
The use of preanesthetic drugs reduces the dose needed for the general anesthetic

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Description

This quiz covers the different types of sedatives and tranquilizers used in veterinary medicine, including phenothiazines, butyrophenones, benzodiazepines, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It also explores the factors that affect the level of sedation and the definitions of sedatives and tranquilizers. Test your knowledge of these important pharmacological agents!