18 Questions
What is the primary indication for Atipamezole?
Reversal of central sedative effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists
Which of the following is a contraindication for Romifidine?
Heart block
What is the primary difference between a sedative and a tranquilizer?
Sedatives produce drowsiness and hypnosis, while tranquilizers produce a state of calmness without drowsiness.
Which species is Dexmedetomidine commonly used in?
Dogs and cats
What factor can affect the level of sedation achieved with a drug?
Initial degree of excitement of the animal
What is the mechanism of action of Alpha2-adrenergic agonists?
Stimulation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors
What is the primary advantage of combining Dexmedetomidine with opioids and ketamine?
Production of surgical anesthetic levels
Why are preanesthetic agents administered?
To reduce the dose of general anesthetic needed
What is a potential interaction to consider when administering sedatives or tranquilizers?
Interacting with simultaneously administered opioids
What is the role of Yohimbine in veterinary medicine?
Reversal agent for alpha2-adrenergic agonists
What is a clinical use of sedatives or tranquilizers?
To facilitate minor surgery and radiographic examination
When are preanesthetic agents typically administered?
15-20 minutes before the administration of a general anesthetic
Which of the following medications is a competitive antagonist with a high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor site of the GABAA receptor?
Flumazenil
What is the primary effect of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists on the sympathetic nervous system?
Decrease NE release from the presynaptic nerve endings
In which species are alpha-2 adrenergic agonists most commonly used?
Dogs, cats, and horses
What is the primary indication for alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in veterinary medicine?
To provide sedation and analgesia
What is the effect of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists on the cardiovascular system?
Biphasic effect, with initial hypertension and bradycardia followed by hypotension and bradycardia
What is the role of anticholinergic agents in the context of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists?
To counteract the biphasic cardiovascular effect of alpha-2 agonists
Study Notes
Sedatives and Tranquilizers
- Sedatives produce drowsiness and hypnosis, while tranquilizers produce a state of calmness without drowsiness and reduce anxiety.
Phenothiazines
- None mentioned in the provided text.
Butyrophenones
- Azaperone is used to produce a deeper sedation.
- Adverse side effects of butorphanol include sweating, muscle tremors, penile prolapse, bradycardia, and heart block.
Benzodiazepines and Antagonists
- Benzodiazepine antagonist: Flumazenil
- MOA: Competitive antagonist with a high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor site of the GABAA receptor
- Indication: Reversal agent of benzodiazepine agonists
Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists
- Examples: xylazine, medetomidine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, and romifidine
- MOA: Stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the CNS, decreasing NE release from presynaptic nerve endings
- Indications: Sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, restraint, and as an adjunct to anesthetics
- Effects: Profound sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, as well as a biphasic cardiovascular effect (hypertension and bradycardia, followed by hypotension and bradycardia)
Alpha2-Adrenergic Antagonists
- Examples: Atipamezole and Yohimbine
- Indication: Reversal agents of the central sedative effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists
Clinical Uses
- For restraint
- To facilitate handling and transport
- To facilitate minor surgery and radiographic examination
- To modify behavior
- As a preanesthetic agent
- Antihistamine effect (anti-emetic, anti-motion sickness, reduce itching and scratching due to allergies)
Preanesthetic Agents
- Drugs administered to an animal prior to the induction of general anesthesia
- Usually given 15-20 minutes before the administration of a general anesthetic
- The use of preanesthetic drugs reduces the dose needed for the general anesthetic
This quiz covers the different types of sedatives and tranquilizers used in veterinary medicine, including phenothiazines, butyrophenones, benzodiazepines, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It also explores the factors that affect the level of sedation and the definitions of sedatives and tranquilizers. Test your knowledge of these important pharmacological agents!
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
