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Questions and Answers
What are the options for induction of anaesthesia discussed in the text?
What are the options for induction of anaesthesia discussed in the text?
- Intranasal, Sublingual, Transdermal
- IM, IV, Inhalation (correct)
- Subcutaneous, Intradermal, Epidural
- Oral, Topical, Rectal
Which induction method is mentioned as most common?
Which induction method is mentioned as most common?
- Oral
- IV (correct)
- Inhalation
- IM
For which animals is Inhalation induction recommended?
For which animals is Inhalation induction recommended?
- Large animals only
- Birds only
- Some exotics, small mammals, cats, dogs, foals occasionally (correct)
- Aquatic animals only
What factors influence the choice of induction method?
What factors influence the choice of induction method?
What is co-induction aimed at achieving?
What is co-induction aimed at achieving?
Which drug is mentioned for co-induction to minimize cardiovascular effects?
Which drug is mentioned for co-induction to minimize cardiovascular effects?
What is the recommended dose range for small dose propofol (or alfax) for co-induction?
What is the recommended dose range for small dose propofol (or alfax) for co-induction?
What are the factors affecting choices mentioned for induction?
What are the factors affecting choices mentioned for induction?
What is the aim of giving small dose propofol (or alfax) first during co-induction?
What is the aim of giving small dose propofol (or alfax) first during co-induction?
What is mentioned as the most common method for induction?
What is mentioned as the most common method for induction?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Fentanyl for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Fentanyl for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Lidocaine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Lidocaine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
Which method of endotracheal intubation involves the insertion of an endotracheal tube into the trachea using a laryngoscope?
Which method of endotracheal intubation involves the insertion of an endotracheal tube into the trachea using a laryngoscope?
In cats, what technique is recommended to desensitize using lidocaine spray during endotracheal intubation?
In cats, what technique is recommended to desensitize using lidocaine spray during endotracheal intubation?
What is the recommended method for confirming if the endotracheal tube is in the trachea?
What is the recommended method for confirming if the endotracheal tube is in the trachea?
What is the recommended action after intubation to prevent leaks?
What is the recommended action after intubation to prevent leaks?
For which animals is it not necessary to intubate for short procedures/healthy animals?
For which animals is it not necessary to intubate for short procedures/healthy animals?
What is the recommended length of the endotracheal tube to avoid entering a bronchus?
What is the recommended length of the endotracheal tube to avoid entering a bronchus?
What is a rare risk/complication associated with endotracheal intubation?
What is a rare risk/complication associated with endotracheal intubation?
What is mentioned as a good practice before induction?
What is mentioned as a good practice before induction?
What is the main reason for co-induction with more than one agent?
What is the main reason for co-induction with more than one agent?
What is the recommended method for confirming the placement of the endotracheal tube in the trachea?
What is the recommended method for confirming the placement of the endotracheal tube in the trachea?
What is the primary factor influencing the choice of induction method?
What is the primary factor influencing the choice of induction method?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Lidocaine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Lidocaine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
For which animals is inhalation induction recommended?
For which animals is inhalation induction recommended?
What are the lecture ILOs related to induction and maintenance of anaesthesia?
What are the lecture ILOs related to induction and maintenance of anaesthesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Fentanyl for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Fentanyl for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended action after intubation to prevent leaks?
What is the recommended action after intubation to prevent leaks?
What is the recommended length of the endotracheal tube to avoid entering a bronchus?
What is the recommended length of the endotracheal tube to avoid entering a bronchus?
What is mentioned as a good practice before induction?
What is mentioned as a good practice before induction?
What is the recommended co-induction drug to minimize cardiovascular effects?
What is the recommended co-induction drug to minimize cardiovascular effects?
What are the options for induction of anaesthesia discussed in the text?
What are the options for induction of anaesthesia discussed in the text?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Ketamine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Ketamine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Lidocaine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What is the recommended bolus dose range for Lidocaine for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia?
What are the options for airway management mentioned in the text?
What are the options for airway management mentioned in the text?
What is the aim of endotracheal intubation?
What is the aim of endotracheal intubation?
What is the recommended method for confirming if the endotracheal tube is in the trachea?
What is the recommended method for confirming if the endotracheal tube is in the trachea?
For which animals is it not necessary to intubate for short procedures/healthy animals?
For which animals is it not necessary to intubate for short procedures/healthy animals?
What is the recommended length of the endotracheal tube to avoid entering a bronchus?
What is the recommended length of the endotracheal tube to avoid entering a bronchus?
What are the risks/complications associated with endotracheal intubation and other airways?
What are the risks/complications associated with endotracheal intubation and other airways?
What factors influence the choice of induction method?
What factors influence the choice of induction method?
What is the recommended co-induction drug to minimize cardiovascular effects?
What is the recommended co-induction drug to minimize cardiovascular effects?
What is mentioned as a good practice before induction?
What is mentioned as a good practice before induction?
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Study Notes
Induction of Anaesthesia
- Common options for induction include intravenous agents, inhalation agents, or a combination of these methods.
- Inhalation induction is particularly recommended for small animals like cats and dogs.
- Factors influencing the choice of induction method include the animal’s age, health status, procedure duration, and required level of anaesthesia.
Co-Induction
- Co-induction aims to achieve smoother induction and reduce the risk of cardiovascular effects.
- Propofol is commonly used for co-induction to minimize cardiovascular effects.
- Recommended dose range for small dose propofol (or alfax) during co-induction is typically between 0.5 to 1 mg/kg.
- The initial small dose of propofol (or alfax) during co-induction is intended to facilitate a more controlled transition to full anaesthesia.
Supplementing Anaesthesia
- Fentanyl recommended bolus dose range for supplementing analgesia is usually between 2 to 5 µg/kg.
- Lidocaine recommended bolus dose range for anaesthesia/analgesia supplementation is generally 1 to 2 mg/kg.
- Ketamine bolus dose range for supplementing anaesthesia/analgesia is typically between 1 to 5 mg/kg.
Endotracheal Intubation
- The method that involves laryngoscope use to insert an endotracheal tube is known as direct laryngoscopy.
- In cats, the technique for desensitization during intubation involves using lidocaine spray on the laryngeal area.
- Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement in the trachea can be achieved by observing breath sounds and viewing the tube's position.
- After intubation, securing the endotracheal tube properly is critical to prevent air leaks.
Intubation Needs and Related Factors
- Intubation may not be necessary for short procedures in healthy animals.
- The endotracheal tube length should be appropriate to prevent entering a bronchus, ensuring it's 1 cm above the carina.
- Rare risks associated with endotracheal intubation include trauma to the trachea and unintended placement in the esophagus.
- A good practice before induction includes adequately fasting the animal to reduce the risk of aspiration.
Overall Considerations
- Primary factor influencing induction method choice is the individual patient's needs and procedure specifics.
- Endotracheal intubation's aim is to secure an airway and facilitate ventilation.
- Risks and complications related to endotracheal intubation can include airway obstruction, esophageal intubation, and lung injury.
Learning Objectives
- Important lecture ILOs related to induction and maintenance of anaesthesia focus on the understanding of techniques, pharmacology, and patient management during anaesthesia.
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