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Second Language Acquisition Theories
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Second Language Acquisition Theories

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What is the primary distinction between acquisition and learning according to Krashen?

  • Acquisition involves conscious rules, while learning is subconscious.
  • Acquisition is a natural process, whereas learning is a structured activity. (correct)
  • Acquisition occurs later in life than learning.
  • Acquisition requires formal education, while learning occurs naturally.

    • According to the Natural Order Hypothesis, what does it suggest about language acquisition?

  • The acquisition of language structures occurs in a predictable pattern. (correct)
  • Languages can only be learned in a specific classroom setting.
  • All learners will acquire language structures in the same exact order.
  • The order of acquired structures may vary greatly between learners.

    • What role does the 'monitor' play in Krashen’s Monitor Hypothesis?

  • It eliminates the need for acquiring grammatical rules.
  • It influences the level of language exposure.
  • It helps in spontaneous language production.
  • It provides feedback after a mistake has been made. (correct)

    • What does the Input Hypothesis emphasize as most crucial for language acquisition?

    <p>The amount of comprehensible input received.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Krashen’s view, what is the relationship between comprehensible input and learner challenge?

    <p>Learners must be presented with comprehensible input that challenges them, but not to the point of frustration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for the monitor to function effectively according to Krashen?

    <p>The speaker needs time to reflect on communicative errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'i + 1' in the context of comprehensible input?

    <p>It represents the learner's current level plus a slight challenge beyond that level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'caretaker speech' in language learning?

    <p>Language input simplified for the understanding of children or language learners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration for developing a curriculum according to learner characteristics?

    <p>The developmental level and various learning styles of learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is essential when choosing a thematic centre for curriculum development?

    <p>The interest of the pupils and the teacher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are culture outcomes in a curriculum meant to reflect?

    <p>Experiences with patterns of thinking and behaviour from target language communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the structure of a curriculum comprising thematic centres?

    <p>It consists of several thematic centres linked by systematic reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a teacher's background influences curriculum decisions significantly?

    <p>The teacher’s language skills and experiences with the target culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of outcomes are associated with functional language within the thematic unit?

    <p>Language necessary for dealing appropriately with the theme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the spiral character of the general elementary school curriculum function?

    <p>It involves reinforcing and building upon language functions and vocabulary from unit to unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a pupil's linguistic background play in curriculum development?

    <p>It influences the choice of thematic centres and instructional strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do children between the ages of 3 and 7 lack an understanding of regarding language?

    <p>Language as a system of rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial for children in preparing the basis for language development before acquiring their L1?

    <p>Interaction and communication with caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might young children not show commitment to learning a second language?

    <p>They do not understand future advantages of language learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medium do young children primarily rely on for learning language?

    <p>Talking and verbal interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can enhance the potential for young children to learn a second language?

    <p>Immersion in interactive language experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the relationship between parents and their babies during early language development?

    <p>Establishing communication through multiple modalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic observed in both first and second language acquisition?

    <p>A predisposition to use language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area has not been extensively researched regarding learning a second language in young children?

    <p>The contexts and interactions for optimal support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might teachers do to help children see and learn lip movements in language acquisition?

    <p>Use exaggerated articulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the L1 influence children's learning when acquiring a second language?

    <p>L1 experiences are vital during the early phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does recent theory suggest about the role of imitation and repetition in language learning?

    <p>Their importance has diminished due to innate mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to studies, how do children initially attempt to produce speech?

    <p>By imitating single words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is telegraphic speech characterized by?

    <p>Combining words in creative and concise ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the contexts in which each language is used be managed according to early bilingual studies?

    <p>They should be distinctly associated with specific adults or situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traditional view about language learning is being challenged by recent theories?

    <p>Language learning heavily depends on imitation and repetition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy children use in language learning during the early stages?

    <p>Attaching short phrases to specific situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of pictures in communication games?

    <p>To allow students to describe and recreate images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of pictures relates to enhancing student engagement?

    <p>Their function in making texts visually appealing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way pictures can be used to check understanding?

    <p>Conducting vocabulary drills using images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would pictures be used for prediction?

    <p>When expecting students to guess the content based on an image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What quality needs to be present in pictures to effectively engage students?

    <p>Clarity and relevance to the lesson.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activity could involve students inventing a story using pictures?

    <p>Creative writing tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question type is likely to be stimulated by discussing pictures?

    <p>Open-ended questions that explore feelings and interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method to use pictures for understanding in lessons?

    <p>To enable students to select images that match passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Second Language Acquisition Theories

    • Acquisition vs. Learning: Children acquire language naturally; parents learn it through formal rules.
    • Natural Order Hypothesis: Language structures are acquired in a predictable sequence regardless of the learner.
    • Monitor Hypothesis: The brain's monitor applies learned rules to refine language output and correct errors in real time.
    • Input Hypothesis: Emphasizes the necessity of comprehensible input; learners acquire language when exposed to language slightly beyond their current understanding (i + 1).

    Classroom Implications

    • Exclusivity of Target Language: Effective language acquisition necessitates teaching exclusively in the target language, ensuring messages are understood through various methods (gestures, examples).
    • Learner and Teacher Characteristics: Curriculum development should consider learners' backgrounds, developmental levels, and teachers' experiences with the target culture.
    • Thematic Centre: Central to curriculum development, reflecting the interests of pupils and teachers while aligned with educational goals.

    Curriculum Components and Outcomes

    • Functional Language Outcomes: Essential language needed for the theme under discussion.
    • Subject Content Outcomes: Reinforcement of concepts from the broader elementary curriculum.
    • Cultural Outcomes: Opportunities to engage with community-specific behaviors and thought patterns.

    Early Language Awareness in Children

    • Age 3-7 Language Awareness: Children recognize communication but do not see language as a system of rules yet; they learn through interaction rather than formal education.
    • Importance of L1 Experiences: Early interactions foster essential communication skills and form a basis for subsequent language learning.

    Bilingual Learning Contexts

    • Differentiated Language Use: Clear distinctions between contexts for each language help children establish when to use L1 or L2, often linked to specific people or situations.

    Strategies in Language Learning

    • Imitation and Repetition: While previously dominant views emphasized imitation, newer theories highlight innate mechanisms for language learning.
    • Creativity in Speech Production: Children progress from imitating single words to producing telegraphic speech through creative combinations.

    Interactive Learning Techniques

    • Drill Practices: Cue-response drills and flashcards enhance vocabulary and grammar practice.
    • Communication Games: Engaging activities encourage creativity, such as story-telling from prompts.
    • Understanding Assessments: Visual aids can assess comprehension in reading and listening.
    • Ornamentation: Visual elements enrich texts and engage students more effectively.
    • Prediction Exercises: Stimulating discussions about visuals can enhance engagement and language skills.
    • Discussion Prompts: Pictures can incite deeper questions and creative responses from students.

    Effective Picture Use

    • Pictures must possess certain qualities to engage students and promote learning effectively.

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    Description

    Explore the key hypotheses of second-language acquisition as proposed by Stephen Krashen. Understand the differences between language acquisition and learning, and how children acquire language naturally while parents learn rules. This quiz will test your knowledge of Krashen's theories and their implications.

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