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Geography and Climate

• Located in the northern part of the island of Great Britain
• Shares border with England to the south
• Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east
• Mountains, glens, and lochs (lakes) cover much of the country
• Climate: temperate maritime, with mild winters and cool summers

History

• Ancient Scotland: inhabited by Celtic tribes, then Roman occupation (1st-5th centuries)
• Middle Ages: Kingdom of Scotland formed (9th century), Viking invasions, and Wars of Scottish Independence (13th century)
• Acts of Union (1707): Scotland merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain
• 19th-20th centuries: Industrialization, urbanization, and cultural revival

Government and Economy

• Devolved government: Scottish Parliament (1999) with powers over domestic affairs
• Part of the United Kingdom, with the UK Parliament responsible for defense, foreign policy, and some taxation
• Economy: services (finance, tourism), oil and gas, manufacturing, and agriculture

Culture

• Celtic heritage: Gaelic language, bagpipes, tartan, and Highland games
• Literary and artistic traditions: Robert Burns, Walter Scott, and the Scottish Enlightenment
• Festivals: Hogmanay (New Year's Eve), Burns Night (January 25th), and Highland games

Demographics

• Population: approximately 5.5 million people
• Capital city: Edinburgh
• Largest city: Glasgow
• Ethnic groups: Scottish, English, Irish, and other minority groups

Geography and Climate

• Located in the northern part of Great Britain, sharing a border with England to the south
• Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east
• Comprises mountains, glens, and lochs (lakes) covering much of the country
• Has a temperate maritime climate with mild winters and cool summers

History

• Originally inhabited by Celtic tribes
• Roman occupation occurred from the 1st to the 5th centuries
• The Kingdom of Scotland was formed in the 9th century, followed by Viking invasions and Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century
• The Acts of Union in 1707 merged Scotland with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain
• Industrialization, urbanization, and a cultural revival occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries

Government and Economy

• Has a devolved government with the Scottish Parliament, which was established in 1999
• The Scottish Parliament has powers over domestic affairs
• The UK Parliament is responsible for defense, foreign policy, and some taxation
• The economy is driven by services (finance and tourism), oil and gas, manufacturing, and agriculture

Culture

• Has a rich Celtic heritage, featuring the Gaelic language, bagpipes, tartan, and Highland games
• Has a strong literary and artistic tradition, with notable figures including Robert Burns and Walter Scott
• The Scottish Enlightenment was a significant cultural period
• Celebrates festivals such as Hogmanay (New Year's Eve) and Burns Night (January 25th)

Demographics

• Has a population of approximately 5.5 million people
• The capital city is Edinburgh, while the largest city is Glasgow
• The country has a mix of ethnic groups, including Scottish, English, Irish, and other minority groups