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Questions and Answers
What was one of the main ideas of the Scientific Revolution?
What was one of the main ideas of the Scientific Revolution?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Church's response to scientific ideas?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Church's response to scientific ideas?
What economic principle is Adam Smith best known for?
What economic principle is Adam Smith best known for?
Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for the separation of powers within government?
Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for the separation of powers within government?
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What social impact did nationalism have in the 19th century?
What social impact did nationalism have in the 19th century?
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What was one of the key motivations for the abolition movement in Britain?
What was one of the key motivations for the abolition movement in Britain?
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What misconception about freedom did former slaves often experience post-abolition?
What misconception about freedom did former slaves often experience post-abolition?
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What was a direct consequence of the successful slave revolt mentioned in the content?
What was a direct consequence of the successful slave revolt mentioned in the content?
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Which event is considered the only completely successful slave revolt in world history?
Which event is considered the only completely successful slave revolt in world history?
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What was a key characteristic of the social structure in colonial Latin America prior to the revolutions?
What was a key characteristic of the social structure in colonial Latin America prior to the revolutions?
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Which factor contributed to the independence of Latin American colonies?
Which factor contributed to the independence of Latin American colonies?
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Who led the Mexican Revolution of 1810-1811?
Who led the Mexican Revolution of 1810-1811?
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What was the main goal of Gran Colombia established by Bolivar in 1824?
What was the main goal of Gran Colombia established by Bolivar in 1824?
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What was one of the challenges faced during the independence process in Latin America?
What was one of the challenges faced during the independence process in Latin America?
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What was the impact of the Great Jamaica Revolt in 1832?
What was the impact of the Great Jamaica Revolt in 1832?
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What crucial promise was frequently made to lower ranks during the revolutions but ultimately unfulfilled?
What crucial promise was frequently made to lower ranks during the revolutions but ultimately unfulfilled?
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What expectation was placed upon the leaders of Latin American revolutions regarding social structure?
What expectation was placed upon the leaders of Latin American revolutions regarding social structure?
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What major financial event led to the calling of the Estates General by King Louis 16th?
What major financial event led to the calling of the Estates General by King Louis 16th?
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What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath taken by the 3rd Estate?
What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath taken by the 3rd Estate?
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Which document proclaimed that 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights'?
Which document proclaimed that 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights'?
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Who was the leader of the Revolution during the Reign of Terror?
Who was the leader of the Revolution during the Reign of Terror?
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Which major social change was NOT a result of the French Revolution?
Which major social change was NOT a result of the French Revolution?
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What demand did women make during the French Revolution that was ultimately unmet?
What demand did women make during the French Revolution that was ultimately unmet?
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What did Napoleon Bonaparte declare himself after seizing power in 1799?
What did Napoleon Bonaparte declare himself after seizing power in 1799?
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What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna?
What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna?
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Why did neighboring countries declare war on France during the Revolution?
Why did neighboring countries declare war on France during the Revolution?
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What significant change occurred in 1918 regarding suffrage?
What significant change occurred in 1918 regarding suffrage?
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What was a major outcome of the 1833 Factory Act?
What was a major outcome of the 1833 Factory Act?
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Which of the following was a pull factor for European migration during this period?
Which of the following was a pull factor for European migration during this period?
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What did the 1875 Public Health Act require?
What did the 1875 Public Health Act require?
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How did the unification of Germany in 1871 impact its economy?
How did the unification of Germany in 1871 impact its economy?
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What primary reason was cited for the preference of women and children as employees in textile mills?
What primary reason was cited for the preference of women and children as employees in textile mills?
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Which act first limited the hours children could work in factories?
Which act first limited the hours children could work in factories?
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What was the ideology of Domesticity meant to reinforce about women's roles?
What was the ideology of Domesticity meant to reinforce about women's roles?
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What significant social development emerged as a reaction against the injustices of the Industrial Revolution?
What significant social development emerged as a reaction against the injustices of the Industrial Revolution?
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Which of the following best describes Adam Smith's idea of the 'Invisible Hand'?
Which of the following best describes Adam Smith's idea of the 'Invisible Hand'?
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What was one common issue faced by children working in industrial jobs?
What was one common issue faced by children working in industrial jobs?
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What was a key criticism made by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels about the Industrial Revolution?
What was a key criticism made by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels about the Industrial Revolution?
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What was the primary focus of the Labour Party in Britain?
What was the primary focus of the Labour Party in Britain?
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What was a major consequence of the Great Stink of London in 1858?
What was a major consequence of the Great Stink of London in 1858?
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What was a significant outcome of the 1842 Mines Act?
What was a significant outcome of the 1842 Mines Act?
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Study Notes
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
- Knowledge acquired through observation, deduction, and experimentation
- No longer relying on the authority of the Bible or Church
- Challenged Church teachings and their authority
- Copernicus: Earth revolves around the sun (heliocentrism vs. geocentrism)
- Galileo: Telescope shows an unlimited universe, perfected scientific laws
- Newton: Gravity and Laws of Physics; Universe functions on scientific laws
- Few women scientists (excluded from universities)
- Margaret Cavendish: wrote several scientific texts
- Maria Winkelmann: discovered a comet, husband took credit
- Church's differing views of science
- Many scientists/mathematicians were Jesuits (focused on science and education)
- No scientist rejected Christianity; science and faith compatible
- Catholic Church opposed new scientific ideas
- Galileo tried for heresy and forced to recant; house arrest
- Giordano Bruno burned at the stake
The Enlightenment
- Age of Reason
- Universe is rational and runs by natural laws understandable through logic
- Rationalism: human capacity for reason to gain knowledge
- Can make up their own minds; don't need kings or the Church
- Progressivism: humans can improve society, eliminate problems
- Liberalism: humans have natural rights, government authority not absolute, based on consent of the governed
- Enlightenment Heavyweights: Adam Smith, John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Mary Wollstonecraft, Olympe de Gouges
Nationalism
- Developed with local village connections, no connection to larger empires/nations
- Country first; focus on unifying a nation with distinct cultures
- Unification of Italy 1870, and Germany 1871
- Greeks (1829) and Serbs (1867) gained independence from Ottoman Empire
- Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within the Austrian Empire
- Poles/Ukrainians sought independence from Russia
- Irish sought "home rule" and separation from Britain
- Zionism: Jewish desire for homeland in Palestine
- Lola Rodriguez de Tio called for Puerto Rican independence
- Nationalism created rivalries and competition between countries, leading to wars
Abolition Movement
- Religious: Slavery is a crime in God's eyes
- Secular: slavery violates Enlightenment ideals
- Political: slave revolts in Haiti and Jamaica
- Economic: slavery no longer essential for economic progress
Slave Economies Resist
- Slave trade continued in Brazil/Cuba; African nations still sold slaves
- USA- Civil War (1861-1865), to free slaves
- Freedom does not mean equality; Former slaves have inferior lives
- Exploited, low-paid labor replaced slave labor (e.g., sharecropping)
Feminism
- Political rights usually denied; harsh segregation laws
- Enlightenment- Equality for all, maternal feminism, mothers of citizens are citizens
- Women in industrializing nations
- Growing economic success/middle class allowed women more freedoms
- Seek educational opportunities/participate in social movements
- First wave feminism focused on rights (mostly middle/upper class white women, Women's Rights Convention- Seneca Falls)
- Main issues; access to education/professions, suffrage
- Feminism spread globally (Kartini, Java, Indonesia-advocates for girls' education, Empress Haruko of Japan supports girls' education and family planning, Huda Sharawi of Egypt-Egyptian independence and rights for women)
- Feminists viewed as selfish; against nationalism
Atlantic Revolutions: American Pre-Revolution Society
- Lots of available land (after stealing it from native peoples)
- No titled nobility; no established church
- No legal distinction between commoners and aristocrats
- All free men have the same legal status (except black slaves/white women)
- Greater economic opportunity than in Britain
- Colonists came to regard autonomy as their birthright; No one wanted to break away from British Empire - happy
- Advantages: protection in war, access to the British market
- Colonists resented Britain's imperial power
Atlantic Revolutions: Causes of the American Revolution
- Colonists resent Britain's imperial power
- Seven Years War (1756-1763) - Britain and France fight over colonial land claims; Britain wins but restricts colonial settlement
- Colonists believe land is theirs; Tax increases without representation
Atlantic Revolutions: Parliament's Actions
- Stamp Act (1756): tax on paper documents
- Townshend Act (1767): tax on imported goods
- Tea Act (1773): granted East India Company a monopoly on selling tea
- Colonists throw tea in Boston Harbor
Atlantic Revolutions: Enlightenment Ideas Justify Revolution
- Popular sovereignty: government's power comes from the people
- Natural rights: humans have rights given to them by God-not by the King
- Consent of the governed: kings need the permission of their people to rule
- Social contract: People agree to give power to government, in exchange for protection
Impact of American Revolution
- Domestic: Conservative movement that attempted to preserve the existing liberties; no large social transformation; Political power remained with white elites
- Foreign: Served as a model for future revolutions; Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights copied by others
French Pre-Revolution Society
- Absolute monarchy - King Louis XIV, with absolute powers - Divine Right of Kings
- Divided into three estates (clergy, nobles, everyone else)
- First and Second Estates very privileged (exempt from taxes)
Causes of French Revolution
- France bankrupt- Seven Years War and helping American Revolution
- King Louis XVI called Estates-General to raise taxes on the Third Estate
- Each estate had one vote, leading to the Third Estate's grievances
Impact of French Revolution
- Domestic: Extremely violent; King and Queen executed; Social upheaval; Legalized universal male suffrage
French Revolution: Domestic Impact
- Conservative movement: attempted to preserve the existing liberties; no large social transformation; political power remained with white elites
- Foreign Impact: Served as a model for future revolutions; Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights copied by others
Haitian Pre-Revolution Society
- Saint Domingue (wealthiest Caribbean colony)
- Produced 40% of the world's sugar; 50% of the world's coffee
- Heavily tiered social structure based on race, class, and gender
- Grand blancs: plantation owners, merchants, lawyers
- Petit blancs: poor whites
- Gens de couleur libres: free people of color
- African slaves
Causes of Haiti Revolution
- Slavery conditions (worst in the world)
- French Revolution- inspiration, every class resented each other's desires
- Grand blancs wanted greater autonomy and less economic restrictions
Impact of Haitian Revolution
- Domestic: The revolt will be extremely violent and bloody; slaves became equal, and free
- Foreign: Successful slave revolt; inspires other revolts; Inspired the Great Jamaica Revolt (1832).
Latin American Revolutions
- Colonial Society Pre-Revolution: Hierarchical social structure based on race (Casta System)
- Tupac Amaru Rebellion: Native American rebellion
Causes of Latin American Revolution
- Led by men who claimed descent from last Inca Emperor
- Napoleon conquered Spain and Portugal, deposing monarchs
- Forces Latin American colonies into independence —Americanism
Impact of Latin American Revolution
- Domestic: Independence process took 2x as long due to issues of class, race, regional divisions; leaders created alliances—all born in the Americas are Americans; difficult because creoles and mestizos considered themselves Spaniards; Leaders promised freedom and social advancement to lower ranks, but few promises kept.
- Foreign: Gran Colombia - an attempt to unite all liberated colonies - failed.
2nd Agricultural Revolution
- Change in farming techniques (fertilizer, crop rotation, selective breeding, better equipment)
- Result: kept food prices low; less labor needed for farms; large population increase
Enclosure Movement
- Small, dispersed strips of farmland used communally, consolidated into large plots owned individually
- Consolidated with walls, fences, or hedges
- Moved small farmers to cities; created a worker class
Industrial Revolution
- Great Britain: Many natural resources, population explosion required more goods, well-developed banking system, stable government; legal protections for business ventures
- Enclosures provided a low-skilled labor force
- NO huge revolutions
2nd Industrial Revolution
- Focused more in the United States, Russia, Japan, Germany, Ottoman Empire
- Technological revolution with new inventions and energy sources -Electricity, petroleum, internal combustion engine, steel, skyscrapers, automobiles
Social Hierarchies and Standards of Living
- Aristocracy (wealthy landowners) - no benefit from industrialization; shift from agriculture to factories meant loss of power
- Middle Class/Bourgeoisie
- Upper: Factory/Mine Owners, Bankers, Merchants; Middle: Doctors, lawyers, etc; Lower: clerks, bank tellers, etc
- Benefitted the most; able to compete with aristocracy
- Working Class/Proletariat (manual workers): largest chunk of British society; suffered the most from industrialization (low wages, unsafe conditions, long hours, poor treatment.)
Conditions in Cities
- Overcrowding conditions
- Lack of sanitation, inadequate water supplies, frequent outbreaks of epidemics (e.g., cholera epidemics)
- Crowded tenements
Child Labor
- Low pay meant extra income was needed
- Less pay, more obedient, fitted in tight places in machinery, lower wages than adults, often forced to take extra jobs in homes ,
Social Reforms in Britain
- Factory Act (1819); Factory Act (1833); Mines Act (1842) regulated child labor
- Public Health Act of 1875 to ensure better sanitation
Capitalism vs Socialism
- Capitalism: Private ownership of means of production (mines, factories, railroads)- government doesn't interfere
- Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776)-Radical ideas
- Laissez Faire: government should not interfere with business/economy
- Invisible hand: promotes good of economy
- Socialism/Communism: communal/state ownership of means of production; Inspired by Marx's critique of industrial Revolution
New Political Parties (Britain)
- Labour Party: advocated for peaceful, democratic transition to socialism
Unions
- Workers joined together using numbers for better wages, improved conditions
- Legalized by 1824
- General Strike; prompted by wage cuts
- Expansion of suffrage- Right to vote (now extends to all classes)
Migration
- Internal migration; half of Europe's population moved to cities
- Global migration to Americas, Australia, New Zealand
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment era. Explore key figures, major discoveries, and the conflict between science and the Church. Understand how these movements shaped modern thinking and scientific inquiry.
