Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment Quiz

Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

• Universe Theories:

  • Geocentric: Aristotle, Catholic Church
  • Heliocentric: Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler

• Newton's Impact:

  • Transformed science, showing the universe as a predictable, mechanistic system, advancing physics and technology.

• Kant's "Dare to Know":

  • Urged courage to understand the universe, even if it challenges established views.

• Galileo's Works & Fate:

  • Combined observation and experimentation, supporting heliocentrism
  • Faced trial for heresy and house arrest.

• Bacon's Scientific Method:

  • Emphasized observation, experimentation, and systematic reasoning, replacing reliance on tradition and speculation.

• Rationalism:

  • Belief that reason and logic are primary knowledge sources, not sensory experience.

• Science vs. Religion (16th-17th Centuries):

  • Scientific discoveries (like heliocentrism) challenged religious teachings, prompting reconciliation.

• Catholic Church's Response:

  • Opposed scientific ideas, seeing them as contradicting Scripture and threatening authority during religious upheaval.

• Scientific Revolution to Enlightenment:

  • Scientific emphasis on reason, evidence, and questioning authority inspired Enlightenment thinkers to apply these to society.

Enlightenment Thinkers

• John Locke (Environment):

  • Argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property), social contract, and government by consent; people could overthrow unjust rulers.

• Rousseau (Social Contract, General Will):

  • Social Contract theory: legitimate political authority comes from the general will of the people, requiring individuals to submit for common good, even sacrificing personal interests.

• Montesquieu (Separation of Powers):

  • Advocated separating powers (executive, legislative, judicial) to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful.

• Voltaire:

  • Focused on civil liberties, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, separation of church and state; critiqued inequality and oppression.

Other Enlightenment Concepts

• Travel Literature & Cultural Relativism:

  • Exposed people to diverse beliefs, challenging religious superiority and promoting tolerance.

• Denis Diderot & Encyclopédie:

  • Spread Enlightenment ideas through the widely accessible printing press, promoting reason and secularism.

• Adam Smith & Wealth of Nations (Invisible Hand):

  • Argued individuals pursuing self-interest in a free market (invisible hand) promote public good, leading to economic prosperity.

• Rousseau & Child Rearing:

  • Emphasized natural, child-centered education, shifting from strict discipline to fostering curiosity and emotional development.

• Salons & Coffeehouses:

  • Social spaces for intellectuals to discuss ideas, share knowledge, spreading Enlightenment thought.

• Baroque to Rococo Art:

  • Baroque was dramatic and ornate, Rococo was lighter, more playful, and elegant, reflecting Enlightenment tastes.

• Neoclassicism:

  • Artistic movement reviving classical Greek and Roman styles emphasizing simplicity, order, and rationality.

• Enlightenment & Crime/Punishment: (This section is incomplete. More information needed from the original text)