Science and the Scientific Method Quiz

Science and the Scientific Method

• Science is limited to falsifiable theories; they must be testable and potentially proven false.
• A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by evidence.
• Scientists do not prove hypotheses; they accept, reject, or modify them based on testing and evidence.
• Correlation is the relationship between two things, where one does not cause the other.
• Causation is where one thing directly causes another.
• Proper experimental design includes experimental and control groups, independent and dependent variables.
• Biases, small sample sizes, and flawed experimental design can lead to incorrect conclusions.
• Statistics provide tools for data analysis, collection, and interpretation in scientific studies.
• Pseudoscience claims, beliefs, or practices that mimic science but lack the scientific method.
• Evaluate scientific claims by considering credentials, potential biases, fund sources, and supporting evidence from reputable secondary sources.

DNA and Replication

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the foundation of genetic coding and a long, linear molecule composed of nucleotides.
• DNA structure: A double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and base pairs (A-T, C-G).
• Base pairs are linked by weak hydrogen bonds.
• Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• DNA is packaged into chromosomes to keep it organized within the nucleus.
• Chromosomes consist of a single DNA molecule that contains genes.
• Chromosomes have sister chromatids that are identical copies, linked together at the centromere.
• Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) with the same genes.
• Homologous chromosomes have the same genes but possibly different alleles (versions).
• Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication.

Protein Synthesis

• Protein synthesis involves transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein).
• mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.
• tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly.
• rRNA forms the ribosome and facilitates protein synthesis.
• Transcription creates a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence.
• Translation uses the mRNA code to assemble a polypeptide chain.

DNA Replication

• DNA replication occurs during the S phase of interphase.
• Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.
• Primers are added to initiate DNA synthesis.
• DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the new strands.
• Two identical DNA double helices result from the process.
• This ensures each new cell receives a complete set of DNA.

Cell Division and Mitosis

• Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces genetically identical daughter cells.
• The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• At the end of mitosis there are now two resulting daughter cells.
• Chromosomes condense and become visible during prophase.
• During metaphase, condensed chromosomes align along the middle of the cell.
• Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase.
• New nuclei form around separate sets of chromosomes in telophase.
• This cell division is important for growth, repair of tissues, and asexual reproduction.

Cancer

• Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division.
• Uncontrolled cell division commonly leads to the formation of tumors.
• Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
• Cancer cells often undergo angiogenesis to obtain nutrients.
• Cancer involves mutations and uncontrolled growth.

CRISPR

• CRISPR is a powerful gene-editing tool.
• It allows scientists to precisely target and modify specific DNA sequences.
• It involves a guide RNA, Cas9 enzyme, and precise mechanisms, leading to modifications
• This technology may lead to advancements in gene therapy and other applications.

DNA Fingerprinting

• DNA fingerprinting uses unique DNA patterns to identify individuals.
• Techniques involved include PCR, restriction digests, and gel electrophoresis; producing a unique banding pattern.
• It uses specific sequences of DNA to differentiate individuals.
• This can aid in forensic science, paternity testing, and conservation efforts.

Test your knowledge on the principles of science and the scientific method. This quiz covers crucial concepts such as falsifiability, correlation vs. causation, and the importance of proper experimental design. Evaluate your understanding of biases, statistics, and the distinction between science and pseudoscience.