Biology Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

t.EE i i 3 Atheoryis anexplanationofnaturalphenomenonthatissupportedbyexplanations 4 scientistsdontprovehypothesisb cthepossibilityoffalsificationscientistsacceptrejectormodifyhypothesis 5 Correlationistherelationshipbetween2thingsActionarelatestotsbutthey...

t.EE i i 3 Atheoryis anexplanationofnaturalphenomenonthatissupportedbyexplanations 4 scientistsdontprovehypothesisb cthepossibilityoffalsificationscientistsacceptrejectormodifyhypothesis 5 Correlationistherelationshipbetween2thingsActionarelatestotsbuttheydontcauseeachother Causation Eiji another causing 6 Experimentaltreatmentthoseexposedtoindependentvariable controltreatmentnovariablebeingchangedtested don't 7 Independentvariableisthevariablebeingmanipulated themeasureddataDependentisntenangedcontroltreatments 8 independentvariablewasbreathsheartratemonitorisdependent 9Thingsthatcouldleadtowrongconclusionsarebiassmallsamplesizeinvalidcontrol in treatment ate'etlfethexie iment designuncontromedvariables 0statisticsinscienceplaytheroleofprovidingthetoolsforanalyzingcollectingandinterpretdata 1 PhonesdonotcausebraincancerAprospectivestudyindenmarksnowedthereisnorelationbetweencellphones braintumors 2 GiantafricanlandsnailswereeatingtheothersnailpopulationsTheyintroducedtherosywolfsnailtoeatsomeoftheoverpopulated 3TheRwsdidnotprefertoeatenyalinaAlsothewhiteshellspingalinahavehelpedthemavoidpredatordetection 4TheyplacedRwsw pinyalina other shellsRsw speciescudarker partura didnotsnowpreferenceTheydetermineditsnotduetopredator Ei avoidan i e.EE mar 17Howtoknowit amethodisscientific adequatecredentialscheckforagendaorbiasknowledgableoffundsknowledgefromsecondaryliterature e 18Questionstoask GotoHwnotespg2 realscienceuspsnedoscience Pseudoscience 9Causationacorrelationrelatetopsciencebycausationinusionscanfurtherendorsepseudoscience 20HPVis AgroupofDNAvirusthatinfectsskin cellscancause cancers 21Vaccines AutismThereisnorelationship betweenvaccines autism animation E.IE ais s If Egiiiiii DNA double RungsBase pairsextendedtomiddleof helix 2strandsfaceeach otherinanantiparalleldirection inthemiddleviaweak bonds 23Eachnucleotideismadefromfm tt i hydrogen Phosphate groupNegativelychargedbackbonestructure EEE E I Ei I.mn DNAispackaged themorganized compactintothenucleus intochromosomestokeep Chromosomes Y Dna centromereDefinitioniasingie.long molecule info genetic containing ee whenreplicateditconsistsofasister enromatiasResult ofDnareplication 23H him uschromosomes Apairofchromosomesonefrom DNAbut parentcontainingsame each different possibly alleles 24Homologsvssischromatids HomologsIdenticalcopiesor achromosomeFormed DNAreplication during matiasPairofchromosomesone fromeachparent inherited roteinsynthesisconsistsof 2mainstagestranscription inthenucleus translationinthecytoplasm3typesofRNAplayanessentialrole instructions mRNAmessengerrna carries nettedtheproteinproducedinnucleususinggeneticcode RNAtransferRNA Bringsaminoacidstoribosomeone end pairsw 3nucleotidesfrom base themrna  mereadsmeanascodes racitatestranslation Eti T.fiTorymerasebindstomepromoterregionofDnastrand Note 2Doublehelixunwindsexposingthegenesequencetobetranscribed Iii Termination 5RNApolymerasereachesastopsequence detachesfrom DNA 6Thenewlyformeapremrnaundergoesintronsplicing StepTwoTranslationoccursinnucleusmRNAprotein I bindstothemrnaatthestart ribosome caves codon Rnabindstothestartcodon on first 3Theribosomereadsthemrna3basesatatime 4 RNAbringsaspecificaminoacidthatmatchthecodon connecttothenewoneandtheconnected aminoacids chain iii elongates previous em 6Theprocessendswhenastopcodonisreached DNAReplicationoneparentstrandandonenewstrand occursduringthesphaseofinterphase ElseenzymethatbreakshydrogenbondsunzipsDNAintoaseparatestrands 2 HelicaseseparatestheDNAstrandsintoa yshapeThatformwillbethetemplateforDnareplication III Trimase addsashortDna primertohelptheDNA start polymerase 4Theleadingstrandmovestowardtheformthelagging strand waycreatingsmanenuniscalledokazakifragments theopposite goes theRNA removes primersand themw Dnanucleotides replaces polymerase am 811 iiiiation z identiononamoninesone strandandanewone og QwhydoesDNAReplicationonly percent Itonlyoccurs once happen needstodivide whenacen CellDivision cells mostoftheirtimeininterphasepreparingfordivision spend G1Phase Thephasewherethecellgrows prepsforDnareplicationbymakingproteins Cellhasenoughnutrients Proceeds if Stopsit Notenoughnutrientsordamagedcell Sphase  DNAReplicationoccurseachchromosomeisduplicated inresultsisterchromatidsconjoinatthecentromere cellensuresithasafunsetofDNAbeforedividing GePhase Inprepformitosisthecellchecksforany madewhilereplicating repairsthem errors Proteinstructuresneededformitosislikespindlefibersareproduced Proceedsif DNAisreplicatedwithnoerrors Stopsif DNAisdamagedand orincomplete Mitosis ProphaseFirst stageormitosis Eiromosomes FF IEE maintain begintocondense spindlefibersform Nuclearmembranebreaks MetaphaseThe most partormitosis important IE Thischeckpointensuresequal DNAdistribution preventserrorsensuringcell division naphase Asspindlefibersshortenthesisterchromatidsarepulledapart g to endsofthecell Chromosomesmove opposite Ensuresthenewcellwillhaveanequal amountidenticalsetofchromosomes Telophase eachsetofchromosomes Nuclearenvelopesreformaround Cytokenisis via Q whathappensbymetaphaseChromosomescondense spindlefibersstartforming Q whatisonthelineduringmetaphasesisterchromatidsaligninthecenterattachedtospindlefibers QwhatisbeingpulledapartaftermetaphaseThesisterchromatidsseparate movetooppositeendsofthecell Qwheredothechromosomesendupaftermetaphase ontwoopposite polesorthecellformingzidenticalnuclei Cancer whatiscancer cancer losecontrolduringcelldivisionduetogeneticmutations whencells happens cellstendtodividewithoutstopping cellsdonotundergoapoptosisleadingtotheirsurvival Cancerous TypesofTumors BenignTumors Noncancerous donotspreadtoothertissues MalignantTumor cancerousaaggressive canspreadtosurroundingsystems metasizespreadthrough blood AnchorageDependence Cellsdependonanchoragetheattainmentofcellstoasurfacetogrow divide  cellsskipananoragingwhichallowsthemtogrow cancerous spineupuncontrollably thgionesis Theprocessofformingnewbloodvessels Tumorsstimulatethesenewbloodvesselstoincreasebloodsupply providesthevesselsw oxygenanutrients tumor supporting growth metastasis Inespreadorcancercellsfromtheoriginaltumortodistantorgans cancerbecomeslifethreateningwhenmetastasisoccurs cancercellstendtobreakfree travelthroughthebloodorlymphatic formsmore secondarytumors systemwhich iii iii iii iii iii pesticidesandindustrialwaste chemical Synthetic that mimics hormonefunction estrogendisrupting causes cancerby stimulatinghormonedependentcancersExBreast cancer promotesuncontrolledcelldivision 5 In A precise powerful toolallowingscientiststofindcut modifyspecific geneediting geneswithinanorganism AMsite Arequiredshortsequenceforcasetorecognize cutDna GRNAGuidescasetothecorrectgenesequence asaproteinThe enzymethatcutstheDnaatthetarget site towCrisprworks in EE.it i ii i 1CastenzymebindstothetargetsequencescreatesadoublestrandedbreakintheDNA 5ThecutstimulatesthecelltorepairatthecutsiteORitcanstaybroken turn off TSotheyrelatescientistsusecrisprtomodify pigDnaandmaketheirorgansmorecompatibleforhumans Piggenomesareeditedtoremovegenesthatcauseimmuneresectioninhumans virusesinpig Dnaareremovedusing CRISPR beensuccessfullytransplantedtohumans arepigorgans Yesincozedoctorstransplantedageneticallymodifiedpighearttosomeoneinneedof ahearttransplant About22patientsdiedailyintheusawaitingorgantransplants 2methodsofpigorgantransplants modifiedpig organs harmfulgenesforhumansforfuturehumantransplant CRISPRtoremove using compatibleorganstobetransplanted it hyman Seytermststeps CRpolymerasechain largeamounts ofDNA reaction obtains Restriction DNAw precision digestFragments GenElectrophoresisseparatesavisualizestheDNAfragments  strands separatebreaking bonds hydrogen ii i t.EE ii t 6Repeatprocess DoublestheDNAeachtime ProcessRestrictionDigest RDChopsupDNAbytargetingspecificsequences CutsthroughthebackboneoftheDNAmolecule DifferentRD's producedifferentcuts someleavebluntends someleavestaggeredor stickyendsallowing DNA fragmentstobeeasingcombinedanalyzed stickyendsarepreferred ProcessGel Electrophoresis DNAisloadedintoaagarosegelandanelectriccurrentisapplied 2DNAisnegativelychargedandmovestowardthepositiveelectrode smaller fasterfurtherwhile DNAfragmentsmove largeronesdotheoppositecreatingauniquebanding pattern nheritance GregorMendel anaustralianmonkthatdiscoveredthattraitsaredeterminedbydiscretefactorssuchasgenestamenes TruebreedingAnhomozygousorganismthatalwayspassesthesametraittooffspring Carrier AheterozygousindividualAathatcarriesarecessiveallelewithoutexpressingitbutcanpassittooffspring