Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of parotid tumors are benign?
What percentage of parotid tumors are benign?
- 70%
- 90%
- 60%
- 80% (correct)
Which type of cyst results from trauma to overlying mucosa?
Which type of cyst results from trauma to overlying mucosa?
- Plunging ranula
- Ranula
- Mucous retention cyst
- Extravasation cyst (correct)
What is the characteristics of a plunging ranula?
What is the characteristics of a plunging ranula?
- Mucus collects without penetrating the mylohyoid diaphragm
- Painless swelling only in the sublingual area
- Fluctuant swelling that enters the neck (correct)
- Dumbbell-shaped swelling that is painful
What proportion of tumors originating from the minor salivary glands are malignant?
What proportion of tumors originating from the minor salivary glands are malignant?
Which salivary tumor type is most commonly associated with benign tumors in the parotid gland?
Which salivary tumor type is most commonly associated with benign tumors in the parotid gland?
Which structures are contained within the carotid sheath?
Which structures are contained within the carotid sheath?
What is the primary function of the natural cleavage planes formed by fascia in the neck?
What is the primary function of the natural cleavage planes formed by fascia in the neck?
What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle of the neck created by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle?
What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle of the neck created by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle?
Which layer forms the roof of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Which layer forms the roof of the anterior triangle of the neck?
What is a potential consequence of the carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia communicating with the mediastinum and cranial cavity?
What is a potential consequence of the carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia communicating with the mediastinum and cranial cavity?
What does an elevated TSH level indicate about a patient's thyroid function?
What does an elevated TSH level indicate about a patient's thyroid function?
Which of the following is a common investigation used to assess thyroid function?
Which of the following is a common investigation used to assess thyroid function?
In the context of thyroid disease, which combination of test results indicates hyperthyroidism?
In the context of thyroid disease, which combination of test results indicates hyperthyroidism?
Which condition may lead to a suppressed TSH and elevated T4, T3 levels?
Which condition may lead to a suppressed TSH and elevated T4, T3 levels?
What does FNAC stand for in the context of thyroid investigations?
What does FNAC stand for in the context of thyroid investigations?
Which surgery is indicated for cosmetic reasons regarding thyroid conditions?
Which surgery is indicated for cosmetic reasons regarding thyroid conditions?
Which investigation is particularly useful in detecting distant metastases of thyroid cancer?
Which investigation is particularly useful in detecting distant metastases of thyroid cancer?
In which condition would you expect to find increased serum calcitonin levels?
In which condition would you expect to find increased serum calcitonin levels?
What is the primary function of the spinal portion of the accessory nerve?
What is the primary function of the spinal portion of the accessory nerve?
Which nerve arises from the cervical plexus and innervates the rhomboids?
Which nerve arises from the cervical plexus and innervates the rhomboids?
The great auricular nerve is responsible for innervating which area?
The great auricular nerve is responsible for innervating which area?
Which structure does the transverse cervical nerve innervate?
Which structure does the transverse cervical nerve innervate?
What forms the ansa cervicalis?
What forms the ansa cervicalis?
Which of the following nerves is NOT a cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus?
Which of the following nerves is NOT a cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus?
What is the main root contribution of the suprascapular nerve?
What is the main root contribution of the suprascapular nerve?
Where does the accessory nerve primarily lie within the posterior cervical triangle?
Where does the accessory nerve primarily lie within the posterior cervical triangle?
What is the anatomical location of the neck in relation to the mandible and clavicle?
What is the anatomical location of the neck in relation to the mandible and clavicle?
Which structure serves as a key attachment point for multiple muscles and ligaments in the neck?
Which structure serves as a key attachment point for multiple muscles and ligaments in the neck?
What is the function of the platysma muscle?
What is the function of the platysma muscle?
Which compartment of the neck is primarily responsible for housing the spinal cord?
Which compartment of the neck is primarily responsible for housing the spinal cord?
What are the three major fascial compartments of the neck?
What are the three major fascial compartments of the neck?
Where does the deep cervical fascia provide support in relation to neck structures?
Where does the deep cervical fascia provide support in relation to neck structures?
What is the primary role of the lymphatic drainage system in the neck?
What is the primary role of the lymphatic drainage system in the neck?
Which of the following accurately describes the lines of cleavage in the skin of the neck?
Which of the following accurately describes the lines of cleavage in the skin of the neck?
What is the main source of blood supply for the parathyroid glands?
What is the main source of blood supply for the parathyroid glands?
Which type of goitre is characterized by inflammation?
Which type of goitre is characterized by inflammation?
What is the primary cause of primary hypothyroidism worldwide?
What is the primary cause of primary hypothyroidism worldwide?
Which symptoms are facilitated by T3 and T4 hormones?
Which symptoms are facilitated by T3 and T4 hormones?
Which artery does the thyroid ima artery typically branch from?
Which artery does the thyroid ima artery typically branch from?
Where do the superior thyroid veins primarily drain?
Where do the superior thyroid veins primarily drain?
In which medical condition do IgG auto antibodies bind to TSH receptors?
In which medical condition do IgG auto antibodies bind to TSH receptors?
Which lymph nodes are primarily involved in the lymph drainage of the thyroid gland?
Which lymph nodes are primarily involved in the lymph drainage of the thyroid gland?
What is the role of TSH in thyroid hormone function?
What is the role of TSH in thyroid hormone function?
What happens to T4 when one iodine atom is removed?
What happens to T4 when one iodine atom is removed?
Flashcards
Carotid Sheath
Carotid Sheath
A fascial sheath that encases key structures in the neck, including the common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes.
Posterior Triangle of the Neck
Posterior Triangle of the Neck
The space in the neck bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius muscle, and clavicle. It is further subdivided into the occipital and supraclavicular triangles.
Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Anterior Triangle of the Neck
The space in the neck bordered by the midline of the neck, the mandible, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It is further divided into several smaller triangles.
Potential pathways for spread of infection and extravasated blood
Potential pathways for spread of infection and extravasated blood
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Deep Cervical Fascia
Deep Cervical Fascia
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Hyoid Bone
Hyoid Bone
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Platysma Muscle
Platysma Muscle
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Potential Space in the Neck
Potential Space in the Neck
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Triangles of the Neck
Triangles of the Neck
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Viscera of the Neck
Viscera of the Neck
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Major Blood Vessels of the Neck
Major Blood Vessels of the Neck
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Lymphatic Drainage System in the Neck
Lymphatic Drainage System in the Neck
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
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Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis
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TSH test
TSH test
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Free T4 test
Free T4 test
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TSH receptor antibody test
TSH receptor antibody test
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Radioactive iodine scan
Radioactive iodine scan
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What is the Accessory Nerve's function?
What is the Accessory Nerve's function?
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How is the Accessory Nerve formed?
How is the Accessory Nerve formed?
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What is the Cervical Plexus?
What is the Cervical Plexus?
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Name the 4 cutaneous branches of the Cervical Plexus?
Name the 4 cutaneous branches of the Cervical Plexus?
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What is the Ansa Cervicalis?
What is the Ansa Cervicalis?
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What is the brachial plexus?
What is the brachial plexus?
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How is the brachial plexus formed?
How is the brachial plexus formed?
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Name 4 nerves that originate from the brachial plexus and innervate the scapula.
Name 4 nerves that originate from the brachial plexus and innervate the scapula.
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Pleomorphic adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
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Warthin's tumor
Warthin's tumor
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Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
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Plunging ranula
Plunging ranula
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Inferior Thyroid Artery
Inferior Thyroid Artery
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Thyroid Ima Artery
Thyroid Ima Artery
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Venous Drainage of the Thyroid Gland
Venous Drainage of the Thyroid Gland
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Thyroid Gland
Lymphatic Drainage of the Thyroid Gland
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Nerve Supply of the Thyroid Gland
Nerve Supply of the Thyroid Gland
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
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Goiter
Goiter
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Iodine Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
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Study Notes
Clinical Anatomy of the Neck - Part 1
- Objectives: At the end of the lecture, students should be able to describe the triangles of the neck, subcutaneous tissue nerves and veins, the main anatomical potential space in the neck, fascial compartments, visceral location, major blood vessels and the lymphatic drainage system in the neck.
The Neck
- Anteriorly: Located between the lower margin of the mandible and the suprasternal notch and the upper border of the clavicle.
- Posteriorly: Extending from the superior nuchal line to the intervertebral disc of C7-T1.
- Compartments: Visceral, vertebral, and vascular on each side laterally.
Landmarks of the Neck
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Suprasternal fossa
- Greater supraclavicular fossa
- Hyoid bone
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
Hyoid Bone
- U-shaped bone consisting of a body, lesser horns laterally, and greater horns posteriorly.
- Body: Attachment for geniohyoid, mylohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid muscles.
- Greater horn: Attachment for middle constrictor, hyoglossus, digastric (anterior and posterior), stylohyoid, thyrohyoid muscles.
- Lesser horn: Attachment for stylohyoid ligament.
Fascia of the Neck
- Superficial fascia (Platysma): Thin sheet of muscle.
- Deep cervical fascia: Organized into several distinct layers:
- Investing layer
- Prevertebral layer
- Pretracheal layer
- Carotid sheaths
Palmaris
- Tenses skin, producing vertical skin ridges.
- Releasing pressure on superficial veins.
- Use in shaving and grimacing.
- Depresses the mandible and draws corners of mouth inferiorly.
- Acting its inferior attachment.
- Convey tension or stress.
- Cleavage lines for constant horizontal lines around the neck.
- An incision along a cleavage line heals as a narrow scar.
Deep Cervical Fascia
- Support: viscera (thyroid gland), muscles, vessels, and deep lymph nodes.
- Condenses around structures to form carotid sheath.
- Natural cleavage planes that tissues can be separated during surgery.
- Limits the spread of abscesses (collections of pus).
- Allows slipperiness for structures to move and pass over one another without difficulty.
- Includes swallowing and turning the head and neck.
Anatomical Spaces
- Fascial layers in the neck create potential spaces that are closed in healthy patients.
- Infections can widen these spaces, becoming conduits.
- Bacteria (streptococci) produce proteolytic enzymes that digest CT (connective tissue).
- Retropharyngeal space
- Danger space
Carotid Sheath
- Tubular fascial investment extending from cranial base to root of neck.
- Blends anteriorly with investing and pretracheal layers, and posteriorly with prevertebral layer.
- Contains common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X), deep cervical lymph nodes, and carotid sinus.
- Sympathetic nerve fibers (carotid periarterial plexus).
- Communicates freely with the mediastinum inferiorly and cranial cavity superiorly.
- Represents potential pathways for infection and extravasated blood.
Triangles of the Neck
- Anterior triangle, bordered by the inferior border of the mandible, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the midline of the neck.
- Posterior triangle, bordered by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezoid muscles, and the middle third of the clavicle.
Cervical Plexus
- Formed by ventral primary rami of C1-C4.
- Cutaneous branches: lesser occipital nerve (C2), greater auricular nerve (C2-C3), transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3), supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4)
- Motor branches: ansa cervicalis, a nerve loop formed by C1 and inferior root formed by C2-C3. Innervates omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles (except thyrohyoid, innervated by C1 via hypoglossal nerve).
- Includes phrenic nerve (C3-C5) arising from 4th cervical nerve.
Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
- Formed by union of cranial and spinal roots.
- Spinal roots arise from the lateral aspect of the cervical segment of spinal cord between C1 and C5, unite to form a trunk and ascend between the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal, and pass through the foramen magnum.
- Cranial portion joins the vagus nerve and innervates parts of the soft palate, pharyngeal constrictors, and the larynx.
- Spinal portion lies on levator scapulae in the posterior cervical and innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, passing deep to the trapezius.
Muscles of the Neck
- Detailed information on cervical, posterior and prevertebral muscles is available in the provided text. Study the sections provided for a comprehensive understanding.
Arteries and Veins of the Neck
- Sections covering the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, subclavian artery, and venous system (internal jugular, external jugular, and anterior jugular veins) are available in the provided text.
Carotid Sinus
- Localized dilatation in the common carotid artery.
- Serves as a pressoreceptor mechanism.
- Blood pressure increases lead to a decrease in heart rate and vasodilation in arterioles.
Carotid Body
- Small structure posterior to the common carotid artery bifurcation.
- Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
- Serves as a chemoreceptor, sensitive to excess carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen tension in blood.
- Stimulus reflexly produces a rise in blood pressure and heart rate, and increase in respiratory movements.
Lymphatic System
- Lymph pathway: Lymph nodes (deep cervical), vessels, trunks and jugular lymph trunks, draining lymph to the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
- Lymph node levels in the neck: (Multiple levels including Superior, Middle and Inferior, posterior, anterior and central).
Clinical Application
- Carotid sinus massage treatment for hemodynamically stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
- Cervical metastasis and lymph nodes removal and submandibular gland (Radical and Modified radical Neck dissection).
- Note:* This is a summary of the provided images and text. Complete understanding requires review of the original images and content.
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Description
Test your knowledge on salivary gland tumors, their characteristics, and the anatomy of the neck region. This quiz covers benign and malignant tumors, structures within the carotid sheath, and thyroid function assessments. Challenge yourself with these important concepts in head and neck anatomy.
