Salivary Gland and Thyroid Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of parotid tumors are benign?

70%

90%

60%

80% (correct)

Which type of cyst results from trauma to overlying mucosa?

Plunging ranula

Ranula

Mucous retention cyst

Extravasation cyst (correct)

What is the characteristics of a plunging ranula?

Mucus collects without penetrating the mylohyoid diaphragm

Painless swelling only in the sublingual area

Fluctuant swelling that enters the neck (correct)

Dumbbell-shaped swelling that is painful

What proportion of tumors originating from the minor salivary glands are malignant?

One in two Signup and view all the answers

Which salivary tumor type is most commonly associated with benign tumors in the parotid gland?

Pleomorphic adenoma Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are contained within the carotid sheath?

Internal jugular vein, common and internal carotid arteries, vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the natural cleavage planes formed by fascia in the neck?

Facilitating surgical separation of tissues and limiting abscess spread Signup and view all the answers

What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle of the neck created by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

Occipital and supraclavicular triangles Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the roof of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Platysma muscle and investing layer of deep cervical fascia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of the carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia communicating with the mediastinum and cranial cavity?

Pathways for the spread of infection and extravasated blood Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated TSH level indicate about a patient's thyroid function?

Hypothyroid condition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common investigation used to assess thyroid function?

Thyroid auto-antibodies test Signup and view all the answers

In the context of thyroid disease, which combination of test results indicates hyperthyroidism?

↓TSH; ↑T4, T3 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to a suppressed TSH and elevated T4, T3 levels?

Thyrotoxicosis Signup and view all the answers

What does FNAC stand for in the context of thyroid investigations?

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Signup and view all the answers

Which surgery is indicated for cosmetic reasons regarding thyroid conditions?

Lumpectomy Signup and view all the answers

Which investigation is particularly useful in detecting distant metastases of thyroid cancer?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect to find increased serum calcitonin levels?

Medullary thyroid cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinal portion of the accessory nerve?

Innervate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve arises from the cervical plexus and innervates the rhomboids?

Dorsal scapular nerve Signup and view all the answers

The great auricular nerve is responsible for innervating which area?

Skin behind the auricle and on the parotid gland Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the transverse cervical nerve innervate?

Skin of the anterior cervical triangle Signup and view all the answers

What forms the ansa cervicalis?

The union of superior and inferior roots from C1 to C3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is NOT a cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus?

Suprascapular nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main root contribution of the suprascapular nerve?

C5 & C6 Signup and view all the answers

Where does the accessory nerve primarily lie within the posterior cervical triangle?

Deep to the trapezius Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical location of the neck in relation to the mandible and clavicle?

Between the lower margin of the mandible and the suprasternal notch. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a key attachment point for multiple muscles and ligaments in the neck?

Lesser horn of the hyoid bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the platysma muscle?

It tenses the skin and conveys tension or stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which compartment of the neck is primarily responsible for housing the spinal cord?

Vertebral compartment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major fascial compartments of the neck?

Visceral, vascular, and vertebral compartments. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the deep cervical fascia provide support in relation to neck structures?

It supports muscle, viscera, vessels, and lymph nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the lymphatic drainage system in the neck?

To remove waste products and excess fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the lines of cleavage in the skin of the neck?

They run horizontally around the neck. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of blood supply for the parathyroid glands?

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which type of goitre is characterized by inflammation?

Inflammatory goitre Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of primary hypothyroidism worldwide?

Iodine deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are facilitated by T3 and T4 hormones?

Increased metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which artery does the thyroid ima artery typically branch from?

Brachiocephalic artery or arch of aorta Signup and view all the answers

Where do the superior thyroid veins primarily drain?

Internal jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

In which medical condition do IgG auto antibodies bind to TSH receptors?

Graves Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which lymph nodes are primarily involved in the lymph drainage of the thyroid gland?

Cervical lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TSH in thyroid hormone function?

Regulates T3 and T4 synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to T4 when one iodine atom is removed?

It converts to T3 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Clinical Anatomy of the Neck - Part 1

Objectives: At the end of the lecture, students should be able to describe the triangles of the neck, subcutaneous tissue nerves and veins, the main anatomical potential space in the neck, fascial compartments, visceral location, major blood vessels and the lymphatic drainage system in the neck.

The Neck

Anteriorly: Located between the lower margin of the mandible and the suprasternal notch and the upper border of the clavicle.
Posteriorly: Extending from the superior nuchal line to the intervertebral disc of C7-T1.
Compartments: Visceral, vertebral, and vascular on each side laterally.

Landmarks of the Neck

Sternocleidomastoid
Suprasternal fossa
Greater supraclavicular fossa
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

Hyoid Bone

U-shaped bone consisting of a body, lesser horns laterally, and greater horns posteriorly.
Body: Attachment for geniohyoid, mylohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid muscles.
Greater horn: Attachment for middle constrictor, hyoglossus, digastric (anterior and posterior), stylohyoid, thyrohyoid muscles.
Lesser horn: Attachment for stylohyoid ligament.

Fascia of the Neck

Superficial fascia (Platysma): Thin sheet of muscle.
Deep cervical fascia: Organized into several distinct layers:
- Investing layer
- Prevertebral layer
- Pretracheal layer
- Carotid sheaths

Palmaris

Tenses skin, producing vertical skin ridges.
Releasing pressure on superficial veins.
Use in shaving and grimacing.
Depresses the mandible and draws corners of mouth inferiorly.
Acting its inferior attachment.
Convey tension or stress.
Cleavage lines for constant horizontal lines around the neck.
An incision along a cleavage line heals as a narrow scar.

Deep Cervical Fascia

Support: viscera (thyroid gland), muscles, vessels, and deep lymph nodes.
Condenses around structures to form carotid sheath.
Natural cleavage planes that tissues can be separated during surgery.
Limits the spread of abscesses (collections of pus).
Allows slipperiness for structures to move and pass over one another without difficulty.
Includes swallowing and turning the head and neck.

Anatomical Spaces

Fascial layers in the neck create potential spaces that are closed in healthy patients.
Infections can widen these spaces, becoming conduits.
Bacteria (streptococci) produce proteolytic enzymes that digest CT (connective tissue).
Retropharyngeal space
Danger space

Carotid Sheath

Tubular fascial investment extending from cranial base to root of neck.
Blends anteriorly with investing and pretracheal layers, and posteriorly with prevertebral layer.
Contains common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X), deep cervical lymph nodes, and carotid sinus.
Sympathetic nerve fibers (carotid periarterial plexus).
Communicates freely with the mediastinum inferiorly and cranial cavity superiorly.
Represents potential pathways for infection and extravasated blood.

Triangles of the Neck

Anterior triangle, bordered by the inferior border of the mandible, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the midline of the neck.
Posterior triangle, bordered by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezoid muscles, and the middle third of the clavicle.

Cervical Plexus

Formed by ventral primary rami of C1-C4.
Cutaneous branches: lesser occipital nerve (C2), greater auricular nerve (C2-C3), transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3), supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4)
Motor branches: ansa cervicalis, a nerve loop formed by C1 and inferior root formed by C2-C3. Innervates omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles (except thyrohyoid, innervated by C1 via hypoglossal nerve).
Includes phrenic nerve (C3-C5) arising from 4th cervical nerve.

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Formed by union of cranial and spinal roots.
Spinal roots arise from the lateral aspect of the cervical segment of spinal cord between C1 and C5, unite to form a trunk and ascend between the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves in the vertebral canal, and pass through the foramen magnum.
Cranial portion joins the vagus nerve and innervates parts of the soft palate, pharyngeal constrictors, and the larynx.
Spinal portion lies on levator scapulae in the posterior cervical and innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, passing deep to the trapezius.

Muscles of the Neck

Detailed information on cervical, posterior and prevertebral muscles is available in the provided text. Study the sections provided for a comprehensive understanding.

Arteries and Veins of the Neck

Sections covering the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, subclavian artery, and venous system (internal jugular, external jugular, and anterior jugular veins) are available in the provided text.

Carotid Sinus

Localized dilatation in the common carotid artery.
Serves as a pressoreceptor mechanism.
Blood pressure increases lead to a decrease in heart rate and vasodilation in arterioles.

Carotid Body

Small structure posterior to the common carotid artery bifurcation.
Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Serves as a chemoreceptor, sensitive to excess carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen tension in blood.
Stimulus reflexly produces a rise in blood pressure and heart rate, and increase in respiratory movements.

Lymphatic System

Lymph pathway: Lymph nodes (deep cervical), vessels, trunks and jugular lymph trunks, draining lymph to the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
Lymph node levels in the neck: (Multiple levels including Superior, Middle and Inferior, posterior, anterior and central).

Clinical Application

Carotid sinus massage treatment for hemodynamically stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Cervical metastasis and lymph nodes removal and submandibular gland (Radical and Modified radical Neck dissection).
Note:* This is a summary of the provided images and text. Complete understanding requires review of the original images and content.

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Description

Test your knowledge on salivary gland tumors, their characteristics, and the anatomy of the neck region. This quiz covers benign and malignant tumors, structures within the carotid sheath, and thyroid function assessments. Challenge yourself with these important concepts in head and neck anatomy.