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Questions and Answers
What was a key characteristic of the 19th-century intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment?
What was a key characteristic of the 19th-century intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment?
- It promoted the authority of the Church over reason.
- It discouraged questioning political authorities.
- It emphasized scientific understanding over superstitious beliefs. (correct)
- It focused solely on the development of art and literature.
Which event significantly contributed to the concepts of nationalism in the 19th century?
Which event significantly contributed to the concepts of nationalism in the 19th century?
- The unification of Italy.
- The establishment of the Industrial Revolution.
- The signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
- The French Revolution. (correct)
What was a consequence of the economic issues leading to the French Revolution?
What was a consequence of the economic issues leading to the French Revolution?
- A reduction in taxes for the working class.
- A decrease in the influence of the American Revolution.
- Increased support for the monarchy.
- A rise in discontent among the bourgeoisie. (correct)
Which ideology was NOT a trend during the 19th century that influenced Rizal's context?
Which ideology was NOT a trend during the 19th century that influenced Rizal's context?
What role did King Louis XVI's extravagant spending play in the socio-political landscape of 19th-century France?
What role did King Louis XVI's extravagant spending play in the socio-political landscape of 19th-century France?
What marked the end of the Manila-Acapulco trade?
What marked the end of the Manila-Acapulco trade?
Who was instrumental in the effort to abolish the Galleon Trade?
Who was instrumental in the effort to abolish the Galleon Trade?
What impact did the opening of the Suez Canal have on trade routes to Spain?
What impact did the opening of the Suez Canal have on trade routes to Spain?
What was one of the significant effects of the opening of various ports in the Philippines in 1834?
What was one of the significant effects of the opening of various ports in the Philippines in 1834?
Which cash crops became major exports from the Philippines after the opening of ports?
Which cash crops became major exports from the Philippines after the opening of ports?
What were the required laborers in the polo y servicios forced to work on?
What were the required laborers in the polo y servicios forced to work on?
How could individuals avoid participating in polo y servicios?
How could individuals avoid participating in polo y servicios?
What was one of the negative effects of polo y servicios on Filipino society?
What was one of the negative effects of polo y servicios on Filipino society?
What did the Reduccion refer to in the context of the economic aspects discussed?
What did the Reduccion refer to in the context of the economic aspects discussed?
What products were traded from the Philippines to Mexico during the Manila-Acapulco Trade?
What products were traded from the Philippines to Mexico during the Manila-Acapulco Trade?
What led to the end of the galleon trade in 1815?
What led to the end of the galleon trade in 1815?
What was the purpose of the tribute or tributo imposed on Filipinos?
What was the purpose of the tribute or tributo imposed on Filipinos?
What products did Mexican traders send to the Philippines during the Manila-Acapulco Trade?
What products did Mexican traders send to the Philippines during the Manila-Acapulco Trade?
What was one of the primary goals of the liberals in the political context of the time?
What was one of the primary goals of the liberals in the political context of the time?
What impact did King Fernando VII's restoration of absolutism have in Spain's colonies?
What impact did King Fernando VII's restoration of absolutism have in Spain's colonies?
What economic shift occurred during the industrialization revolution mentioned?
What economic shift occurred during the industrialization revolution mentioned?
What was one of the main responsibilities of encomenderos under the encomienda system?
What was one of the main responsibilities of encomenderos under the encomienda system?
Which groups were part of the frailocracy that dominated the Philippines during the colonial period?
Which groups were part of the frailocracy that dominated the Philippines during the colonial period?
What was one of the key features of the encomienda system implemented by King Philip II?
What was one of the key features of the encomienda system implemented by King Philip II?
What was the 'polo y servicio' system?
What was the 'polo y servicio' system?
Which of the following statements best describes the economic context of the Philippines under Spanish rule?
Which of the following statements best describes the economic context of the Philippines under Spanish rule?
What role did the parish priest play in local towns or pueblos during this period?
What role did the parish priest play in local towns or pueblos during this period?
What was the primary focus of the political struggle during the American Civil War?
What was the primary focus of the political struggle during the American Civil War?
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Study Notes
19th Century Trends in the Philippines
- Significant social, political, economic, and cultural changes characterized the 19th century.
- Analyze the relationship between individuals and societal structures to understand Rizal’s context.
Age of Enlightenment
- An intellectual movement highlighting reason over superstition and science over faith.
- Challenged authority of kings and the Church, promoting equal rights.
Political Context
- The French Revolution (1787-1799) advocated for nationalism against the backdrop of government corruption, heavy taxation, and a powerless bourgeoisie.
- The concept of sovereignty moved towards residing in the nation, pushing universal male suffrage and constitutional monarchy.
Rise of Liberal Ideas
- Liberalism introduced freedom of the press, land reform, free enterprise, and representation in the Spanish Cortes.
- King Fernando VII attempted to restore absolutism in Spain, which did not extend to the Philippines.
Frailocracy in the Philippines
- Rule by friars involved various religious orders like Augustinians and Franciscans, significantly influencing local governance and society.
- Friars were granted lands and had substantial local power, impacting the lives of native Filipinos through land grabs and political control.
Economic Context
- Transition from an agrarian to a manufacturing economy driven by the Industrial Revolution.
- Encomienda system allowed Spaniards to collect tributes, while providing supposed protection and education to natives.
Polo y Servicio
- Implemented forced labor for able-bodied males, often under hazardous conditions for community projects.
- The period of forced labor was reduced in 1884, but the system still led to food shortages and hardship for Filipino families.
End of Galleon Trade
- The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was a major trading route from 1565 until 1815, facilitating the exchange of goods between the Philippines and Mexico.
- The end of this system was influenced by Latin American independence movements and economic inefficiencies.
Economic Changes and the Suez Canal
- The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, dramatically reduced travel time between the Philippines and Spain, boosting trade.
- This period saw increased importation of liberal ideas and literature, inspiring Filipino reformers to seek rights and equality.
Opening of Philippine Ports
- The opening of Manila to world commerce in 1834, along with other ports by 1873, marked the Philippines as a key exporter of agricultural products.
- The rise of a cash-crop economy, particularly in sugar, tobacco, and abaca, transformed the economic landscape.
Historical Implications
- Rizal's works were influenced by these socio-political changes; he became a voice for reform and equality in a highly stratified and colonial society.
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