L2- #19thCent_The Philippines in the nineteenth century at Rizal’s Context.pdf

The Life and Works of Rizal Lesson 2 #19thCenturyTrends The Philippines in the 19th Century at Rizal’s Context #trendingtopics 2  Objectives 1. Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the nineteenth century...

The Life and Works of Rizal Lesson 2 #19thCenturyTrends The Philippines in the 19th Century at Rizal’s Context #trendingtopics 2  Objectives 1. Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the nineteenth century. 2. Appraise the link between the individual and society. 3. Reflect on Jose Rizal’s perspective in the context of his times. 19th Century Fashion What was it like in the 19th century? What were the trending topics during Rizal’s time and space ?  The 19th Century #AgeofEnlightenment Trending Ideas #AgeofReason # 1685-1815 - intellectual and cultural movement - reason over superstition - science over blind faith - questioned the authority of kings and the Church - equal rights 6 LITICAL CONTEXT : #FrenchRevolution( 1787 and 1799 ) RUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM - France’s involvement in the American Revolution - extravagant spending of King Louis XVI - government bankruptcy - heavy taxes - bourgeoisie( merchants, manufacturers, or professionals) with financial power but no political power LITICAL CONTEXT : #FrenchRevolution( 1787 and 1799 ) RUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM The monarchy was no longer viewed as divinely ordained.  POLITICAL CONTEXT TRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM MERICAN CIVIL WAR ( 1861- 1865 )  POLITICAL CONTEXT STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM AMERICAN CIVIL WAR ( 1861- 1865 )  POLITICAL CONTEXT CONSERVATIVE VS LIBERALS  - sovereignty resides in the nation - universal male suffrage OLITICAL CONTEXT - constitutional monarchy LIBERAL IDEAS - freedom of press - land reform - free enterprise - representation in the Spanish Cortes -  KING FERNANDO VII restored “ absolutism”in Spain but … - not implemented in the Philippines POLITICAL ( 1815 ) CONDITION - Spanish government in the Philippines abolished Galleon Trade and converted mercantilism to free-trade LITICAL CONDITION Augustinian (1565 ) FRAILOCRACY Franciscans (1577) ULE OF THE FRIARS Jesuits (1581) Dominicans (1587) Recollects (1606) Benedictines (1895)  - propagated Christianity to natives - The King of Spain ( patronato real ) TICAL CONDITION FRAILOCRACY appointed and paid the salaries of E OF THE FRIARS the friars and fund churches and schools - friar lands were granted to them - parish priest was the most powerful figure in a town or pueblo  #Trending News Abuse and Issues of Friars POLITICAL CONDITION FRAILOCRACY RULE OF THE FRIARS - Friar lands - land grabbing - Issue on secularization of the parishes Regular vs Seculars ECONOMIC CONTEXT 17  # ECONOMIC CONTEXT Industrialization Revolution Agrarian economy to manufacturing economy From HAND to MACHINES 19  ECONOMIC ASPECT : ENCOMIENDA AND HACIENDA ENCOMIENDA (1571-1597) King Philip II issued a decree in 1558 implementing the encomienda system - lands in the Philippines to be distributed to the Spanish conquistadors - The right to collect tributes or taxes from the inhabitants - Royal Encomiendas - owned by the King - Ecclesiastical - granted to the Church - Privado - granted to private individuals 20  ECONOMIC ASPECT : ENCOMIENDA AND HACIENDA Encomenderos - Provide protection to the natives - Help missionaries to convert the area to Christianity - Promote education Native Filipinos - Pay tribute / tax - Provide service in the form of labor 21  ECONOMIC ASPECT : Polo y servicio - forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day period - polo refers to community work, - laborer was called polista. - Filipinos and Chinese mestizos were required to do the polo y servicios 22  ECONOMIC ASPECT : Polo y servicio The workers could be placed on any project the Spanish wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy conditions. Community services / projects cutting logs in forests, building ships, repairing churches, constructing government buildings, roads and bridges. 23  ECONOMIC ASPECT : Polo y servicio HOW TO AVOID : Pay the falla ( equivalent of one and a half reales ) per day. 1884- the forty days of forced labor was reduced to 15 days. 24  ECONOMIC ASPECT : Polo y servicio BAD SIDE - Food shortage and hunger - crippled the ability of the Filipinos to feed themselves and their families - injuring and killing many Filipino males, 25  ECONOMIC ASPECT : Others Reduccion - centralization of Filipino community Bandala - forced selling of native products. Cedula - male and female 18 years old to pay 8 reales every year Tributo- tribute in cash or in kind like crops 26  ECONOMIC ASPECT : THE END OF GALLEON TRADE The Pacific link is epitomized in the 16th to the early 19th century by the longest economic trading route going back and forth between Manila , Cebu and Acapulco in Mexico ( Manila - Acapulco Trade ) 1565 - 1815. Done once a year. - Spanish traders in the Philippines sent mangoes , tamarinds , rice , textile , Chinese tea , textiles , tuba ( coconut wine ) to Mexico - Mexican traders sent guava , avocado , papaya , pineapple , cocoa , sayote to the Philippines - China’s product silk, pearls, porcelain, gold, ivory, etc. 27 ECONOMIC ASPECT : THE END OF GALLEON TRADE - In 1815, galleon trade was phased out after the Spanish king issued an imperial edict to abolish it due to the impact of independent movements in Latin America and free trade in Britain and America. - September 14 , 1815 - The Manila - Acapulco trade ended when Mexico gained its independence from Spain - Valentin Delos Santos a representative in Spanish Cortes made efforts to abolish the Galleon Trade 29 ECONOMIC ASPECT : THE END OF GALLEON TRADE - Filipinos wanted to end the Galleon Trade due to abuse. 30 Galleon Trade by Juanito Torres  ECONOMIC ASPECT : Viscount OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL SUEZ CANAL connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea in Egypt which was opened on November r 17, 1869 by the leadership of Ferdinand Lesseps ( French diplomat ) It decrease the travel time of the Philippines to Spain from 3 months to 32 -40 days - It opened the ports to world trade  ECONOMIC ASPECT : OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL - Importation of Liberal books , newspaper and magazines from Europe and America - The European ideologies and philosophies went to the Philippines and influenced several Filipino liberals to fight for their rights.  ECONOMIC ASPECT : OPENING OF DIFFERENT PORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1834 - Manila officially opened to the world commerce 1834- 1873 - Sual Port ( Pangasinan ) - Iloilo - Zamboanga - Cebu - Legazpi The Philippines became a major exporter of sugar , tobacco and abaca. The rice of Hacienda “ cash - crop economy “ Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? 36 References : Solmero, E. et al, ( 2017 ) Reading Rizal , Manila , Fastbooks Educational Supply Cabrera, F et al, ( 2018) Jose Rizal : Social Reformer and Patriot. Rex Book Store 37