Respiratory System RRS-209 Lecture Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

  • Facilitating smell
  • Gas exchange
  • Moistening and warming inhaled air (correct)
  • Filtering particulate matter from air

    • Which of the following structures is part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

  • Alveoli (correct)
  • Nasal cavity
  • Trachea
  • Larynx

    • What role do nasal hairs (vibrissae) play in the respiratory system?

  • They enhance the sense of smell.
  • They warm and moisten the air.
  • They trap and prevent large particles from entering. (correct)
  • They help with gas exchange.

    • Which portion of the respiratory tract does NOT participate in gas exchange?

    <p>Bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of Clara (club) cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Detoxify harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the respiratory tract encompasses the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Conducting portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the alveoli in terms of their structure compared to bronchioles?

    <p>Alveoli are involved in gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important role does the nasal cavity play besides its respiratory functions?

    <p>Sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium replaces the keratinized lining shortly after entering the nose?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells is NOT found in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major function do vibrissae in the vestibule serve?

    <p>To protect against larger particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the olfactory epithelium primarily located?

    <p>In the roof of the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of olfactory epithelium in a living person?

    <p>Yellow and pigmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gland is associated with the secretion of serous fluid in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Bowman's glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure lies between the supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Olfactory (chemoreceptor) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium primarily do?

    <p>Act as progenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the larynx?

    <p>It acts as an airway sphincter during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium lines the anterior surface of the epiglottis?

    <p>Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the trachealis muscle?

    <p>To prevent the trachea from collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the trachea is true?

    <p>It is lined with respiratory epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cartilage types are present in the larynx?

    <p>Both hyaline and elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glands are found in the lamina propria of the trachea?

    <p>Seromucous mixed glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings are found in the trachea?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell acts as a reserve cell in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the cilia on olfactory neurons?

    <p>They are non-motile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the secretion from Bowman's glands?

    <p>To clear olfactory cilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lamina elastic interna in the trachea?

    <p>To enable elastic recoil after expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of epithelium line the nasopharynx?

    <p>Stratified squamous and respiratory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the nerve fibers from olfactory cells synapse with secondary neurons?

    <p>In the olfactory bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of basal cells reflects their role?

    <p>They have frequently invaginated nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>To secrete mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ciliated epithelium in the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>To sweep the mucous layer toward the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are smooth muscle fibers located in the tracheal structure?

    <p>Between the ends of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What covers the olfactory cilia to enable the detection of new odors?

    <p>Secretion from Bowman's glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) similar to?

    <p>Enteroendocrine cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea responsible for?

    <p>Preventing tracheal collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers PNEC hyperplasia, which can lead to small cell lung cancer?

    <p>Nicotine exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory system?

    <p>Movement of cilia and secretion of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Lecture - RRS-209

    • Lecture Topic: Respiratory System
    • Course/Block: RRS-209 (Respiratory - Renal System)
    • Instructor: Dr. Safaa Said (Ass. Prof.)
    • Department: Histology & Cell Biology
    • University: Assuit University

    Learning Objectives

    • Students should be able to identify the classifications of the respiratory tract (conducting and respiratory portions).
    • Students should understand the correlation between the functions of the conducting and respiratory portions and their histological structures.
    • Students should be able to differentiate the types of lining epithelium in the respiratory system.
    • Students should be able to compare and contrast the histological structures of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, along with their lining epithelium.
    • Students should be able to describe the Clara (club) cell's histological structure and its function.

    Conducting & Respiratory Portions

    • Conducting Portion: This portion does not participate in gas exchange. It includes the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Bronchi divide into smaller terminal bronchioles.
    • Respiratory Portion: This portion (lung parenchyma) is involved in gas exchange. It consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

    Functions

    • Conducting Portion: Warms, humidifies, and filters the air. The mucociliary escalator (action of cilia and goblet cell mucus) helps remove inhaled particles.
    • Respiratory Portion: Facilitates gas exchange. Blood capillaries come into direct contact with the outside air within the alveoli. The type I alveolar cells fuse with the pulmonary capillary endothelium to accomplish this.

    Regions of the Respiratory System

    • Airway Region: Includes structures involved in transporting air.
    • Upper Respiratory Tract: Sphenoidal sinus, frontal sinus, nasal cavity, pharynx
    • Lower Respiratory Tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi
    • Transitional Region: This area bridges the airway and gas exchange regions. This contains the bronchioles.
    • Gas Exchange Region: The area involved in the actual exchange of gasses, includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and alveolar sacs.

    Nasal Cavity

    • Function: Moistens, warms inhaled air, prevents particulate matter from entering, and plays a role in the sense of smell.
    • Components: External vestibule and internal nasal cavity.
    • Defense Mechanism: Nasal hairs (vibrissae) trap large particles.
    • Epithelium: Initially keratinized, then transitions to respiratory epithelium. Olfactory epithelium detects odors. Located in the upper regions of the nasal airway.

    Nasal Cavity Details (Further)

    • Anterior portion (vestibule): Lined with skin and vibrissae (short stiff hairs) preventing large particles from entering the nasal cavity. Dermis contains numerous sebaceous and sweat glands.
    • Posterior portion: Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) except for the vestibule and olfactory region.

    Olfactory Epithelium

    • Location: Roof of the nasal cavity, superior aspect of the nasal septum, and superior conchae.
    • Function: Detects odors.
    • Composition: Olfactory, supporting (sustentacular), and basal cells.
    • Structure: Supporting cells are tall columnar, with yellowish granules. Their free surface has microvilli coated in serous fluid from Bowman's glands.
    • Olfactory receptor cells (neurons): Bipolar neurons, with nuclei, apical dendrites, and basal axons directed to the olfactory bulb. Cytoplasm more electron-lucent, moderate RER and supra-nuclear Golgi. A roundish olfactory vesicle projects from the apical dendrite.
    • Basal cells(Stem/reserve cells): Small rounded cells that rest on the basement membrane. These can differentiate into olfactory or sustentacular cells in certain circumstances. Their nuclei are small and often invaginated. Their cytoplasm has few organelles.

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Structure: Air-filled cavities within the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary bones.
    • Function: Reduce skull weight, influence voice resonance, and contribute to immunity.
    • Epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
    • Function: The cilia in the sinuses sweep mucous toward the nasal cavity.

    Nasopharynx

    • Location: Behind the nose and above the soft palate.
    • Lining: Respiratory epithelium in the nasal region, and stratified squamous epithelium in the oral region.
    • Pharyngeal Tonsils (Adenoids): Located in the nasopharynx wall, a collection of lymphoid tissue.
    • Eustachian Tube: Connects to the middle ear, a conduit.

    Larynx

    • Structure: Musculocartilaginous structure between the pharynx and trachea.
    • Function: An airway sphincter during swallowing, and houses vocal cords for sound production.
    • Composition: Mucosa, cartilages (hyaline and elastic), and striated muscle fibers in connective tissue sheaths. Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform, and vocal processes of arytenoids.
    • Lining: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium over the anterior surfaces of the epiglottis and vocal cords. Meanwhile, the remainder of the larynx is lined with mucosa.

    Trachea

    • Structure: A tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
    • Function: Transports air to and from the lungs.
    • Features: C-shaped hyaline cartilages that maintain the tracheal lumen. Smooth muscle and a fibroelastic layer reinforce the tracheal wall posteriorly.
    • Epithelium: Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium). Elastic fibers in the lamina propria prevent over-distention. Seromucous glands are present.
    • Cilia: Sweep mucus upwards towards the nasal cavity.
    • Smooth muscle: posterior, helps stabilize trachea.

    Respiratory Epithelium (Details)

    • Characteristic cell types: Ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells, and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs).
    • Ciliated columnar cells: Beat rhythmically to move mucus and trapped particles from the respiratory tract.
    • Goblet cells: Secrete mucus to trap inhaled particles and foreign materials.
    • Basal cells: Stem/reserve cells (regenerative).
    • Brush cells: Sensory function.
    • PNECs (Kulchitsky cells): Neuroendocrine cells, regulate pulmonary function and have possible roles in growth and repair.

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    Respiratory System Lecture Notes - Assuit University PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from the Respiratory System lecture in the RRS-209 course. Students will be tested on the classifications of the respiratory tract, histological structures, and the functions of various epithelial types. Prepare to differentiate between structures like the trachea and alveoli.

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