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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory mucosa of the nasopharynx?
What is the function of the secretion of Bowman's glands in the olfactory region?
What is the outermost layer of the pharynx?
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What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory mucosa of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
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What is the main function of the lungs?
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What is the type of muscle found in the muscle coat of the pharynx?
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What is the term for the layer of tissue that covers the lungs?
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What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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What type of epithelium is typically found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract?
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What is the main component of the cartilage layer in the respiratory tract?
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What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
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What is the primary function of the alveoli?
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What is the outermost layer of the respiratory tract?
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What is the histological structure of the nasal cavity's vestibule?
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What is the total surface area of the alveolar surface of each lung?
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What is the structure of the larger intrapulmonary bronchi similar to?
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What is the functional unit of the respiratory system?
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How is the nasal cavity divided?
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What is the total number of alveoli in a normal lung?
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What is the name of the passage that leads into a number of rounded alveolar sacs?
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What is the purpose of the rich network of blood capillaries in the lungs?
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What is the shape of the cells that line the epithelium of the alveolar wall?
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What is the term for the smallest airways that represent the most distal parts of the conducting passage?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- Divided into two portions: conducting portion and respiratory portion
- Conducting portion: provides passage of air, conditions inspired air, includes upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)
- Respiratory portion: involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between blood and inspired air, includes terminal parts of lower respiratory tract (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli)
Conducting Portion Structure
- Composed of four coats: mucosa, submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia
- Mucosa: epithelial lining and lamina propria, epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
- Submucosa: loose connective tissue containing mixed glands
- Cartilage layer: formed by hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle
- Adventitia: layer of fibroelastic connective tissue
Nasal Cavity
- Divided into right and left halves by nasal septum
- Wall of nasal cavity has three distinct regions: vestibule, olfactory region, respiratory region
- Vestibule: lined by skin, contains hair and sebaceous glands
- Olfactory region: small area in roof and lateral wall of nasal cavity, covered by thick yellow olfactory mucosa, functions as organ of smell
- Respiratory region: lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, contains mixed glands and lymphatic nodules
Pharynx
- Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- Composed of four coats: mucosa, submucosa, muscle coat, adventitia
- Mucosa: epithelium and lamina propria, epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar in nasopharynx and stratified squamous in oropharynx and laryngopharynx
- Submucosa: loose areolar connective tissue
- Muscle coat: skeletal muscle arranged into inner longitudinal and outer circular layers
- Adventitia: fibroelastic connective tissue
Lungs
- Principal respiratory organs, situated in thoracic cavity, covered by visceral pleura
- Structure designed for oxygenation of blood
- Features essential for oxygenation: surface for air-blood exchange, system of tubes for air conduction, rich network of blood capillaries
Intrapulmonary Passages
- Principal bronchus divides into secondary, tertiary, and segmental bronchi
- Segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, ending in bronchioles
- Lobular bronchiole gives off terminal bronchioles, which end in respiratory bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts, which end in alveolar sacs and alveoli
Alveoli
- Blind sacs with very thin walls for gas exchange
- Each lung has about 200 million alveoli, with a total surface area of about 75 square meters
- Total capillary surface area available for gaseous exchanges is about 125 square meters
- Alveolar wall lined by epithelium consisting mainly of flattened squamous cells, resting on a basement membrane
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Description
Explore the anatomy and function of the respiratory system, divided into conducting and respiratory portions, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
