Histology of Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity?

To filter air

To warm the air

To detect odoriferous substances (correct)

To produce mucus

What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory mucosa of the nasopharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (correct)

What is the function of the secretion of Bowman's glands in the olfactory region?

To moisten the olfactory epithelium and dissolve odoriferous substances (correct)

To warm the air

To filter air

To produce mucus

What is the outermost layer of the pharynx?

Adventitia Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory mucosa of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lungs?

To oxygenate blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of muscle found in the muscle coat of the pharynx?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the layer of tissue that covers the lungs?

Visceral pleura Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

To provide passage of air and condition the inspired air Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is typically found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the cartilage layer in the respiratory tract?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and inspired air Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the respiratory tract?

Adventitia Signup and view all the answers

What is the histological structure of the nasal cavity's vestibule?

Skin continuous with that on the exterior of the nose Signup and view all the answers

What is the total surface area of the alveolar surface of each lung?

75 square meters Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the larger intrapulmonary bronchi similar to?

That of the trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the respiratory system?

Terminal parts of the lower respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

How is the nasal cavity divided?

Into right and left halves by the nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of alveoli in a normal lung?

200 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passage that leads into a number of rounded alveolar sacs?

Atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rich network of blood capillaries in the lungs?

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the cells that line the epithelium of the alveolar wall?

Flattened squamous Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest airways that represent the most distal parts of the conducting passage?

Terminal bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System

Divided into two portions: conducting portion and respiratory portion
Conducting portion: provides passage of air, conditions inspired air, includes upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)
Respiratory portion: involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between blood and inspired air, includes terminal parts of lower respiratory tract (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli)

Conducting Portion Structure

Composed of four coats: mucosa, submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia
Mucosa: epithelial lining and lamina propria, epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Submucosa: loose connective tissue containing mixed glands
Cartilage layer: formed by hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle
Adventitia: layer of fibroelastic connective tissue

Nasal Cavity

Divided into right and left halves by nasal septum
Wall of nasal cavity has three distinct regions: vestibule, olfactory region, respiratory region
Vestibule: lined by skin, contains hair and sebaceous glands
Olfactory region: small area in roof and lateral wall of nasal cavity, covered by thick yellow olfactory mucosa, functions as organ of smell
Respiratory region: lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, contains mixed glands and lymphatic nodules

Pharynx

Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Composed of four coats: mucosa, submucosa, muscle coat, adventitia
Mucosa: epithelium and lamina propria, epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar in nasopharynx and stratified squamous in oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Submucosa: loose areolar connective tissue
Muscle coat: skeletal muscle arranged into inner longitudinal and outer circular layers
Adventitia: fibroelastic connective tissue

Lungs

Principal respiratory organs, situated in thoracic cavity, covered by visceral pleura
Structure designed for oxygenation of blood
Features essential for oxygenation: surface for air-blood exchange, system of tubes for air conduction, rich network of blood capillaries

Intrapulmonary Passages

Principal bronchus divides into secondary, tertiary, and segmental bronchi
Segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, ending in bronchioles
Lobular bronchiole gives off terminal bronchioles, which end in respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts, which end in alveolar sacs and alveoli

Alveoli

Blind sacs with very thin walls for gas exchange
Each lung has about 200 million alveoli, with a total surface area of about 75 square meters
Total capillary surface area available for gaseous exchanges is about 125 square meters
Alveolar wall lined by epithelium consisting mainly of flattened squamous cells, resting on a basement membrane

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Description

Explore the anatomy and function of the respiratory system, divided into conducting and respiratory portions, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts.