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Questions and Answers
Biphasic stridor indicates conditions that affect both the larynx and the subglottis.
Biphasic stridor indicates conditions that affect both the larynx and the subglottis.
True
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with inspiratory stridor?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with inspiratory stridor?
Match the type of stridor with its associated condition:
Match the type of stridor with its associated condition:
Inspiratory stridor = Laryngeal papillomatosis Expiratory stridor = Extrinsic tracheal compression Biphasic stridor = Croup syndrome
What type of stridor is typically caused by extrinsic tracheal compression?
What type of stridor is typically caused by extrinsic tracheal compression?
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___ stridor is characteristic of laryngeal or supraglottic obstruction.
___ stridor is characteristic of laryngeal or supraglottic obstruction.
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Match the conditions with the type of stridor they are associated with:
Match the conditions with the type of stridor they are associated with:
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Match the condition with its characteristic stridor type:
Match the condition with its characteristic stridor type:
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Match the description with the type of stridor:
Match the description with the type of stridor:
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Match the medical condition to its form of stridor:
Match the medical condition to its form of stridor:
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Match the type of obstruction with the corresponding stridor type:
Match the type of obstruction with the corresponding stridor type:
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Match the types of croup with their characteristics:
Match the types of croup with their characteristics:
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Match the viruses commonly associated with infectious croup:
Match the viruses commonly associated with infectious croup:
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Match the management approaches for croup with their descriptions:
Match the management approaches for croup with their descriptions:
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Match the type of croup with its primary characteristic:
Match the type of croup with its primary characteristic:
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Match the age group with its prevalence regarding croup:
Match the age group with its prevalence regarding croup:
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Match the symptom of croup with its associated impact:
Match the symptom of croup with its associated impact:
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Match the clinical features of croup with their implications:
Match the clinical features of croup with their implications:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a potential infectious cause of acute upper airway obstruction in children?
Which of the following is NOT considered a potential infectious cause of acute upper airway obstruction in children?
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Which condition is characterized by a collection of pus in the space behind the pharynx and can lead to upper airway obstruction?
Which condition is characterized by a collection of pus in the space behind the pharynx and can lead to upper airway obstruction?
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Which of the following conditions primarily involves swelling due to an allergic reaction that could obstruct the airway?
Which of the following conditions primarily involves swelling due to an allergic reaction that could obstruct the airway?
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What should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute upper airway obstruction, aside from infectious causes?
What should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute upper airway obstruction, aside from infectious causes?
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Which infectious condition is characterized by a membrane formation in the throat that can lead to upper airway obstruction?
Which infectious condition is characterized by a membrane formation in the throat that can lead to upper airway obstruction?
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What are some of the infectious causes of acute upper airway obstruction in children? (Select all that apply)
What are some of the infectious causes of acute upper airway obstruction in children? (Select all that apply)
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Study Notes
Inspiratory Stridor
- Characteristic of laryngeal or supraglottic obstruction.
- Common conditions causing inspiratory stridor include:
- Laryngeal papillomatosis: A benign tumor growth in the larynx.
- Laryngeal web: A membrane that forms between the vocal cords, obstructing airflow.
- Laryngomalacia: Soft, floppy tissue above the vocal cords collapses and obstructs breathing.
- Vocal cord paresis: Weakness or paralysis of the vocal cords, affecting airway patency.
Expiratory Stridor
- Typically associated with intrathoracic processes.
- Common causes include:
- Extrinsic tracheal compression from a vascular ring: A congenital anomaly causing airway obstruction.
- Tracheomalacia: Weakness of the trachea leading to collapse during expiration.
- Bronchotracheitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes and trachea.
Biphasic Stridor
- Indicates involvement of both the larynx and subglottis.
- Associated conditions include:
- Croup syndrome: Viral infection leading to narrowing of the airway, causing stridor.
- Subglottic stenosis: Narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords.
- Intralaryngeal masses: Tumors or growths within the larynx obstructing airflow.
Inspiratory Stridor
- Characteristic of laryngeal or supraglottic obstruction.
- Common conditions causing inspiratory stridor include:
- Laryngeal papillomatosis: A benign tumor growth in the larynx.
- Laryngeal web: A membrane that forms between the vocal cords, obstructing airflow.
- Laryngomalacia: Soft, floppy tissue above the vocal cords collapses and obstructs breathing.
- Vocal cord paresis: Weakness or paralysis of the vocal cords, affecting airway patency.
Expiratory Stridor
- Typically associated with intrathoracic processes.
- Common causes include:
- Extrinsic tracheal compression from a vascular ring: A congenital anomaly causing airway obstruction.
- Tracheomalacia: Weakness of the trachea leading to collapse during expiration.
- Bronchotracheitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes and trachea.
Biphasic Stridor
- Indicates involvement of both the larynx and subglottis.
- Associated conditions include:
- Croup syndrome: Viral infection leading to narrowing of the airway, causing stridor.
- Subglottic stenosis: Narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords.
- Intralaryngeal masses: Tumors or growths within the larynx obstructing airflow.
Croup Overview
- Characterized by inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and potential respiratory distress due to subglottic mucosal edema.
- Majority of cases are infectious, referred to as laryngotracheobronchitis, indicating involvement of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Types of Croup
- Infectious Croup: Caused by various viruses such as human rhinovirus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae (types 1, 2, 3), respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and human coronavirus.
- Spasmodic Croup: Considered an allergic response to viral antigens; patients are typically afebrile and do not exhibit severe laryngeal inflammation.
Patient Demographics
- Commonly affects children aged 6 months to 3 years, with a median age of 18 months.
- Prevalence is equal between males and females (1:1 ratio).
Symptoms and Presentation
- Symptoms manifest subacutely, often as an exacerbation of cold symptoms, including low fever, barking cough, noisy breathing, and hoarseness.
- Exudative inflammation of the upper airway may lead to dyspnea, exhaustion, and in severe cases, hypoxia.
Management and Prognosis
- Most cases are self-limiting and benign, often resolved with supportive outpatient care, especially for spasmodic croup.
- Seasonal incidence is higher during colder months.
Croup Overview
- Characterized by inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and potential respiratory distress due to subglottic mucosal edema.
- Majority of cases are infectious, referred to as laryngotracheobronchitis, indicating involvement of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Types of Croup
- Infectious Croup: Caused by various viruses such as human rhinovirus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae (types 1, 2, 3), respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and human coronavirus.
- Spasmodic Croup: Considered an allergic response to viral antigens; patients are typically afebrile and do not exhibit severe laryngeal inflammation.
Patient Demographics
- Commonly affects children aged 6 months to 3 years, with a median age of 18 months.
- Prevalence is equal between males and females (1:1 ratio).
Symptoms and Presentation
- Symptoms manifest subacutely, often as an exacerbation of cold symptoms, including low fever, barking cough, noisy breathing, and hoarseness.
- Exudative inflammation of the upper airway may lead to dyspnea, exhaustion, and in severe cases, hypoxia.
Management and Prognosis
- Most cases are self-limiting and benign, often resolved with supportive outpatient care, especially for spasmodic croup.
- Seasonal incidence is higher during colder months.
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Upper Airway Obstruction in Children
- Infectious Causes: A significant portion of acute upper airway obstructions in children stems from infections.
- Bacterial Tracheitis: A serious bacterial infection characterized by inflammation of the trachea, often requiring immediate medical attention.
- Diphtheria: A bacterial infection leading to the formation of a membrane in the throat, causing obstruction.
- Retropharyngeal Abscess: Infection that results in pus accumulation behind the pharynx, which can compress the airway.
- Peritonsillar Abscess: Collection of pus near the tonsils, leading to swelling and potential airway compromise.
- Measles: A viral illness that may lead to respiratory complications and airway obstruction in severe cases.
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: This viral infection can cause serious throat swelling and airway issues.
Non-Infectious Causes
- Thermal Burns: Injuries to the airway due to heat that can lead to swelling and obstruction.
- Foreign Body Aspiration: Inhalation of objects that can lodge in the airway, blocking airflow.
- Laryngeal Fractures: Trauma to the larynx that can disrupt normal airway function and lead to obstruction.
- Angioneurotic Edema: Rapid swelling of deep layers of skin, often affecting the tongue and throat, causing airway narrowing.
- Vocal Cord Paralysis: Loss of function in the vocal cords, leading to difficulty in airway protection.
- Uvulitis: Inflammation of the uvula that can result in swelling and obstruction of the airway.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics of inspiratory, expiratory, and biphasic stridor. This quiz covers conditions such as laryngeal obstruction and intrathoracic processes. Assess your understanding of the underlying causes and clinical implications of different types of stridor.
