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Pharma Quiz 2
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Pharma Quiz 2

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Questions and Answers

Which class of bronchodilators mimics the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Anticholinergics
  • Stimulators (correct)
  • Corticosteroids
  • Xanthine derivatives

    • Which of the following is a nonselective bronchodilator?

  • Salmeterol
  • Epinephrine (correct)
  • Ipratropium
  • Theophylline

    • What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory treatment?

  • Blocking acetylcholine (correct)
  • Stimulating adrenergic receptors
  • Enhancing phosphodiesterase activity
  • Increasing mucus production

    • What is the primary adverse effect associated with leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Liver dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which xanthine derivative is known for a narrow therapeutic index?

    <p>Aminophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should corticosteroids not be used alone to treat acute asthma exacerbations?

    <p>They require bronchodilators for efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can enhance the effects of xanthine derivatives?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is intravenous administration of corticosteroids indicated?

    <p>During acute exacerbation or severe asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination is appropriate as an adjuvant therapy for asthma treatment?

    <p>Salbutamol and corticosteroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do corticosteroids have in relation to harmful substances like histamine during asthma treatment?

    <p>They inhibit their release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic action of Phosphodiesterase Type 4 Inhibitor in COPD?

    <p>Inhibiting an enzyme to reduce inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Omalizumab (Xolair) is true?

    <p>It can lead to anaphylaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended patient education point for using inhalers with an Aerochamber/spacer?

    <p>Hold your breath for 10 seconds after inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Phosphodiesterase Type 4 Inhibitors not suitable for acute treatment of COPD?

    <p>Their onset of action is too slow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT true about monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of asthma?

    <p>They directly open the airways for immediate relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key adverse effect associated with antihistamines?

    <p>Anticholinergic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of nasal decongestants does not cause rebound congestion?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes 1st generation antihistamines like Diphenhydramine from 2nd generation antihistamines?

    <p>They work peripherally and centrally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should antihistamines be avoided during pregnancy?

    <p>They have anticolinergic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when taking nasal decongestants?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antitussives?

    <p>To stop the cough reflex if it is nonproductive or harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using antitussives?

    <p>Opioid dependency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ingredient is commonly found in opioid antitussives?

    <p>Codeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do expectorants have on secretions?

    <p>Decrease the viscosity of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for patients taking expectorants?

    <p>Taking fluids to loosen and liquefy secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of treating the common cold?

    <p>Providing symptom relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age limit for administering over-the-counter cough and cold medications to children?

    <p>Under 6 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing asthma, which medication should be administered first if both are indicated?

    <p>Short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the asthma management continuum focuses on patient education and developing an action plan?

    <p>Environmental control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence for administering bronchodilators and steroids in asthma management?

    <p>Bronchodilator first, then steroid after 5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of alpha 1 receptor blockers on blood pressure?

    <p>Decreases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with beta receptor blockers?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ACE inhibitors primarily affect blood vessels?

    <p>They promote vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors due to their mechanism of action?

    <p>Dry, non-productive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is an example of a combination alpha 1 and beta receptor blocker?

    <p>Abetalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

    <p>Upper respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medications is known for blocking calcium to prevent vasoconstriction?

    <p>Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary actions of diuretics in managing hypertension?

    <p>Decrease plasma and extracellular fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diuretic is associated with hypokalemia?

    <p>Loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would contraindicate the use of certain diuretics?

    <p>Sulfa allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of vasodilators on blood vessels?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category does Sodium Nitroprusside belong to?

    <p>Mix vasodilator acting on both venous and arterial systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common side effect associated with vasodilators?

    <p>Downer symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasodilators on systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>They decrease SVR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation is Sodium Nitroprusside most commonly used?

    <p>Acute situations requiring rapid blood pressure control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of treating angina?

    <p>Decrease frequency, duration, and intensity of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina is characterized by unpredictable pain that can occur at rest?

    <p>Vasospastic angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do beta blockers affect oxygen demand in the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Block beta receptors thereby reducing oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the continuous use of Sildenafil in patients with angina?

    <p>Severe risk for hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of angina?

    <p>Vasodilate and relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bronchodilators

    • Stimulators mimic the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
    • Types include:
      • SABA: Salbutamol (Ventolin) - fast-acting relief
      • LABA: Salmeterol (Serevent) - long-acting maintenance
    • Administered with other medications, often steroids
    • Management focuses on steroid use
    • Sub-types:
      • Selective B2 agonists
      • Nonselective agents, e.g., Epinephrine
    • Corticosteroids play a crucial role in reducing inflammation.

    Anticholinergics

    • Block acetylcholine (Ach), a bronchoconstrictor
    • Key medications:
      • Ipratropium (Atrovent) - short-acting
      • Tiotropium (Spiriva) - long-acting
    • Used in chronic respiratory conditions with careful dosing strategies.

    Xanthine Derivatives

    • Have a narrow therapeutic index
    • Act by blocking phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP levels
    • Theophylline derived from tea; Aminophylline is a synthetic IV option for severe asthma attacks
    • Factors such as smoking and oral contraceptives may enhance effects.

    Non-Bronchodilators

    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs): Block leukotrienes that promote inflammation, with a slow onset and potential liver dysfunction.
    • Montelukast is commonly used to prevent nocturnal bronchoconstriction.

    Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)

    • Address acute exacerbations and inflammation
    • Necessary in combination with LABAs for enhanced effects.
    • Examples include Budesonide (Pulmicort Turbhaler) and Fluticasone propionate (Flovent Diskus).

    Medications for COPD and Asthma

    • Phosphodiesterase Type 4 Inhibitor: Roflumilast (Daxas) treats inflammation in COPD, not for acute use.
    • Monoclonal Antibodies: Omalizumab (Xolair) binds to IgE, heavily reducing allergic responses but carries an anaphylaxis risk.

    Cough and Cold Drugs

    Antihistamines

    • Block histamine, used for allergies, hay fever, and the common cold.
    • Adverse effects include sedation and anticholinergic effects; use caution in at-risk populations.
    • 1st generation: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - effective but sedating.
    • 2nd generation: Longer-lasting, non-sedating but less effective.

    Nasal Decongestants

    • Relieve nasal congestion through vasoconstriction.
    • Types include:
      • Anticholinergics: Ipratropium
      • Adrenergics: Pseudoephedrine; may cause rebound congestion.
      • Corticosteroids: Budesonide (Rhinocort) to reduce inflammation.

    Antitussives

    • Suppress nonproductive cough reflex.
    • Categories:
      • Opioid: e.g., codeine provides drying effects.
      • Non-opioid: e.g., dextromethorphan is common.

    Expectorants

    • Decrease viscosity of secretions, making coughs productive.
    • Example: Guaifenesin; needs adequate fluid intake for efficacy.

    Common Cold

    • Viral infection mainly affecting the upper respiratory tract.
    • Symptoms include nasal irritation and sneezing; treatment focuses on symptom relief.
    • Health Canada advises against OTC cough/cold medications in children under 6.

    Asthma Management Continuum

    • Confirm diagnosis and address environmental factors.
    • Use short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) or budesonide/formoterol as needed.
    • Introduce steroids or leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) if necessary.
    • In severe cases, add long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA).

    Antihypertensive Pharmacology

    Adrenergics

    • Alpha 1 blockers (e.g., L-zosin): Lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels.
    • Beta blockers (e.g., P-LOL): Reduce heart rate by inhibiting renin secretion.
    • Combination blockers act on both alpha and beta receptors.

    ACE Inhibitors

    • PRIL drugs: Lower blood pressure by inhibiting RAAS and promoting vasodilation.
    • Beneficial for renal protection, especially in diabetic patients, with potential adverse effects like cough.

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    • SARTAN drugs: Block angiotensin II receptors, avoiding cough side effects of ACE inhibitors.

    Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

    • Effective for hypertension and angina by preventing calcium entry, hence inducing vasodilation.

    Diuretics

    • First-line antihypertensives that decrease blood volume and systemic vascular resistance.
    • Categories include thiazides (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide), and potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone).

    Vasodilators

    • Directly lower blood pressure by relaxing arterial and venous smooth muscles.
    • Groups include Hydra Lazines and Sodium Nitroprusside for acute situations.

    Angina Management

    • Goal: Manage pain frequency, duration, and intensity.
    • Types include chronic (predictable), unstable (acute), and vasospastic (occurs at rest).
    • Pharmacological options:
      • Nitrates/Nitrites: Potent vasodilators such as Nitroglycerin.
      • Beta Blockers: Decrease heart rate and oxygen demand.
      • Calcium Channel Blockers: Promote blood vessel relaxation.

    Sildenafil (Viagra)

    • Used for erectile dysfunction; caution due to risk of hypotension when combined with nitrates.

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