Pharmacology of Respiratory Medications

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Questions and Answers

What is the therapeutic level for the specified medication?

20-30 mcg/mL

10-20 mcg/mL (correct)

15-25 mcg/mL

5-15 mcg/mL

Which condition is NOT a common side effect of rapid intravenous administration?

Drowsiness (correct)

Hypotension

Flushing

Dizziness

Smoking affects the metabolism of the medication by:

Increasing absorption

Decreasing half-life (correct)

Decreasing metabolism

Increasing plasma concentration

What side effect affects the cardiovascular system according to the content?

Palpitations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a gastrointestinal side effect?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent increased side effects from the medication?

Caffeinated products Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Ipratropium?

Inhibits M3 receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using Theophylline?

Seizure disorders Signup and view all the answers

Hyperglycemia is a side effect that affects which bodily function?

Blood sugar regulation Signup and view all the answers

What condition is treated with the use of Ipratropium in combination with Albuterol?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does this medication have on clotting time?

Decreases clotting time Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is less common with Ipratropium compared to other bronchodilators?

Dry mouth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary use of Xanthines in respiratory therapy?

Maintenance therapy in chronic stable asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following side effects is associated with Xanthines?

Irritability Signup and view all the answers

Inhalation of Ipratropium results in what type of action?

Bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Ipratropium on the respiratory system?

Inhibition of bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Inhibit smooth muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Leukotriene receptor antagonists are most indicated for which condition?

Chronic allergic rhinitis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about montelukast is true?

It is safe for children 2 years and older. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential psychiatric side effects of using leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Suicidal thinking Signup and view all the answers

When should leukotriene receptor antagonists be administered to maximize their effectiveness?

1 hour before or 2 hours after meals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT indicated for the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Acute asthma attacks Signup and view all the answers

What effect do beta-blockers have when given with beta adrenergic agonists?

Increase the risk of cardiac dysrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of sympathomimetics in treating asthma?

Stimulate beta2 adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the use of Albuterol?

Restlessness Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is Salmeterol indicated for use?

Prophylaxis of exercise-induced bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

What precaution is necessary when using Salmeterol?

Avoid high doses to prevent tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What does the stimulation of beta2 adrenergic receptors lead to in the lungs?

Bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when using Salmeterol due to its potential effect?

Glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not treated with sympathomimetics like Albuterol?

Cardiac dysrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

Albuterol is often delivered via which method?

Inhaler or nebulizer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inhaled corticosteroids like Budesonide in asthma treatment?

To reduce inflammation in the airways Signup and view all the answers

Which side effects are commonly associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids?

Throat irritation and hoarseness Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary precaution when using inhaled corticosteroids to prevent fungal infections?

Rinsing the mouth and throat after each dose Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for inhaled corticosteroids like Budesonide to reach effective levels?

1-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is inhaled corticosteroid therapy not recommended?

During an acute asthma attack Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spacers in the administration of inhaled corticosteroids?

To enhance drug deposition in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of using inhaled corticosteroids without proper mouth rinsing?

Development of oral fungal infections Signup and view all the answers

Asthma that is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy may require which type of treatment?

Additional inhaled corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sympathomimetics/Alpha and Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists

Stimulate beta2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, resulting in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Used to treat and prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma
Examples include Albuterol and Salmeterol
Albuterol is a short-acting bronchodilator given via inhaler or nebulizer
Salmeterol is a long-acting bronchodilator with a duration of action of at least 12 hours, given via inhaler
Caution for patients with cardiac dysrhythmias, heart failure, and diabetes

Anticholinergics

Block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, antagonizing acetylcholine
Relax smooth muscle of the bronchi, leading to bronchodilation
Used for relief of bronchospasm from COPD, allergic asthma
Example Ipratropium
Commonly used in combination with albuterol for enhanced effectiveness and longer duration of action
Contraindications include allergy to soy or peanuts
Caution for patients with BPH, glaucoma

Xanthines

Inhibit phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Used as maintenance therapy in chronic stable asthma and COPD
Example Aminophylline/Theophylline
Therapeutic level: 10-20 mcg/mL
Smoking increases metabolism, leading to decreased half-life, which requires increased dosage
Contraindicated in patients with seizure disorders, cardiac, renal, or liver disease
Avoid caffeinated products, as it increases risk of toxicity
Given by oral or intravenous (IV) administration
Rapid IV administration can cause dizziness, flushing, hypotension, severe bradycardia, and palpitations
Risk of digoxin toxicity when given with digoxin
Beta-blockers increase the effects of xanthines

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Synthesis Inhibitors

Bind to leukotriene receptors to inhibit bronchoconstriction and inflammation
Used for prophylaxis of asthma and allergic rhinitis
Examples include Montelukast
Administered orally
Safe for children 2 years and older
May cause CNS effects such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, and anxiety
GI effects can include nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and diarrhea

Inhaled Steroids

Provide anti-inflammatory effects to reduce airway inflammation
Used for asthma that is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy
Example Budesonide
Given via inhaler
Not for emergency or acute asthma attacks
May cause local side effects like throat irritation, hoarseness, dry mouth, and coughing
To prevent fungal infections, rinse mouth and throat after each dose and wash the delivery apparatus daily
Takes 1-4 weeks to reach effective levels

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Description

This quiz explores the pharmacological properties and uses of various respiratory medications, including sympathomimetics, anticholinergics, and xanthines. Test your knowledge on how these drugs function, their indications, and associated precautions. Ideal for students studying pharmacology in medical or pharmacy programs.