3.4 Control of Breathing
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Questions and Answers

What is responsible for initiating rhythmic breathing in the body?

  • Peripheral chemoreceptors
  • The cerebral cortex
  • Central pattern generator in the medulla and pons (correct)
  • Visceral reflexes

    • Which part of the brain drives automatic (involuntary) control of respiration?

  • Peripheral chemoreceptors
  • Visceral reflexes
  • The cerebral cortex
  • Pacemaker cells in the medulla (correct)

    • What happens if the spinal cord is transected above the origin of the phrenic nerves?

  • Metabolic rate decreases
  • Breathing stops (correct)
  • Voluntary control increases
  • Breathing becomes faster

    • What is the main link between metabolism and ventilation?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the voluntary control system for respiration located?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adjustments are made to the rate of ventilation based on changes in gases and metabolites?

    <p>Metabolic demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on tidal volume and respiratory rate after vagus nerve transection above the pons?

    <p>Tidal volume increased, respiratory rate decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the apneustic center?

    <p>Stimulates the dorsal respiratory group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to breathing pattern after pontomedullary transection with vagii intact?

    <p>Gasping, irregular pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pneumotaxic center in respiration?

    <p>Triggers the end of inspiration by shortening inhalation duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it concluded that pontine and vagal inputs are needed for a regular breathing pattern?

    <p>Medullary centers responsible for initiating respiration are affected by vagal inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT an effect of increasing pneumotaxic output on respiration?

    <p>Slows respiratory pace and increases depth of respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

    <p>Prevents overexpansion of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when abrupt lung deflation occurs?

    <p>Forced inhalation begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does somatic muscle and joint pain affect respiration?

    <p>Causes hyperpnea or increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence does body temperature have on respiration?

    <p>Causes deep inhalation in cold temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do emotions affect respiration?

    <p>Increase ventilation in cases like anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During wakefulness, what is the functional activity of the respiratory centers compared to during sleep?

    <p>Increased during wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the neurons that control ventilation located?

    <p>In the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of neurons primarily contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons?

    <p>Ventral respiratory group (VRG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center inhibits the apneustic center and promotes exhalation?

    <p>Pneumotaxic center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells increase activity if lung inflation is suppressed?

    <p>I α cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region contains interneurons that drive expiration?

    <p>Bötzinger complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Ventral respiratory group (VRG) inhibits inspiratory cells in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

    <p>Rostral VRG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of neurons control lower motor neurons innervating the external intercostals and diaphragm?

    <p>Inspiratory neurons of the DRG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center is responsible for stimulating the DRG to promote inhalation?

    <p>Apneustic center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of nuclei within the medullary respiratory center is known as the 'central pattern generator'?

    <p>Pre-Botzinger group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors sense changes in CO2, H+, and O2 to provide input for regulating breathing?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain modulates the rate and depth of respiratory output?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibers transmit tickling sensations that lead to coughing as a response?

    <p>Unmyelinated C fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain houses the respiratory center that initiates and maintains breathing?

    <p>Reticular activating system in the medulla and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reciprocal innervation, what happens when motor neurons supplying expiratory muscles are active?

    <p>Motor neurons supplying inspiratory muscles are inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors monitor the concentration of H+ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to influence breathing?

    <p>Central chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, hyperpnea is primarily driven by changes in PaO2 and PaCO2 levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral chemoreceptors adapt to decreased PaO2 but not to increased PaCO2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kussmaul breathing is commonly associated with a decrease in [H+] in arterial blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of non-volatile acids in arterial blood can lead to a decrease in pH and an increase in PaCO2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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