3.4 Control of Breathing

What is responsible for initiating rhythmic breathing in the body?

Which part of the brain drives automatic (involuntary) control of respiration?

What happens if the spinal cord is transected above the origin of the phrenic nerves?

What is the main link between metabolism and ventilation?

Where is the voluntary control system for respiration located?

What adjustments are made to the rate of ventilation based on changes in gases and metabolites?

What is the effect on tidal volume and respiratory rate after vagus nerve transection above the pons?

Which statement is true about the apneustic center?

What happens to breathing pattern after pontomedullary transection with vagii intact?

What is the role of the pneumotaxic center in respiration?

Why is it concluded that pontine and vagal inputs are needed for a regular breathing pattern?

What is NOT an effect of increasing pneumotaxic output on respiration?

What is the role of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

What happens when abrupt lung deflation occurs?

How does somatic muscle and joint pain affect respiration?

What influence does body temperature have on respiration?

How do emotions affect respiration?

During wakefulness, what is the functional activity of the respiratory centers compared to during sleep?

Where are the neurons that control ventilation located?

Which group of neurons primarily contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons?

Which center inhibits the apneustic center and promotes exhalation?

Which cells increase activity if lung inflation is suppressed?

Which region contains interneurons that drive expiration?

Which part of the Ventral respiratory group (VRG) inhibits inspiratory cells in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

What kind of neurons control lower motor neurons innervating the external intercostals and diaphragm?

Which center is responsible for stimulating the DRG to promote inhalation?

Which group of nuclei within the medullary respiratory center is known as the 'central pattern generator'?

What type of receptors sense changes in CO2, H+, and O2 to provide input for regulating breathing?

Which area of the brain modulates the rate and depth of respiratory output?

Which type of fibers transmit tickling sensations that lead to coughing as a response?

Which region of the brain houses the respiratory center that initiates and maintains breathing?

In reciprocal innervation, what happens when motor neurons supplying expiratory muscles are active?

Which type of receptors monitor the concentration of H+ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to influence breathing?

During exercise, hyperpnea is primarily driven by changes in PaO2 and PaCO2 levels.

Peripheral chemoreceptors adapt to decreased PaO2 but not to increased PaCO2.

Kussmaul breathing is commonly associated with a decrease in [H+] in arterial blood.

The presence of non-volatile acids in arterial blood can lead to a decrease in pH and an increase in PaCO2.