31 Questions
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for promoting inspiration?
Apneustic centre
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for inhibiting inspiration?
Pneumotaxic centre
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for rhythm generation?
Ventral respiratory group
Which group in the brain stem contains I and E neurons?
Ventral respiratory group
Which region in the brain stem is composed of I (inspiratory) neurons only?
Dorsal respiratory group
Which muscle contracts to elevate the sternum during inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid
Which muscle contracts to pull the ribs outwards during inspiration?
Pectoralis minor
Which muscle contracts to depress the lower ribs and push the diaphragm upward during forced expiration?
Rectus abdominis
Which muscle contracts to pull the ribs down during expiration?
Internal intercostals
Which region in the brain stem inhibits inspiration?
Pontine (pneumotaxic) RG
Which inputs modulate the activity of the respiratory centre?
Chemical and neurogenic inputs
What is the role of the cortex in breathing?
Voluntary control
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla?
Duration of breath
Which muscles fix or elevate ribs 1-2 during inspiration?
Scalenes
Which muscle elevates ribs 3-5 during inspiration?
Pectoralis minor
Which region of the respiratory control center stimulates the ventral respiratory group?
Dorsal RG
Which inputs modulate the activity of the respiratory center?
All of the above
Which receptors are located within the airway smooth muscles and are responsible for inhibiting inspiratory muscles at high lung volume?
Stretch receptors
Which receptors are located between airway epithelial cells and are responsible for causing bronchoconstriction and inhibiting respiration?
Irritant receptors
Which receptors are located in the alveolar wall, close to capillaries, and are responsible for pulmonary fluid retention and rapid, shallow breathing?
Juxtacapillary (J) receptors
Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary control of ventilation, including the ability to fasten, slow down, or hold the breath?
Cortex
Which higher brain center can override the function of the brainstem to some extent, but not absolutely?
Cortex
Which part of the brain can alter the pattern of breathing in response to emotions like anger or sadness?
Limbic system
Which part of the brain stem integrates all the chemical and neurological inputs to regulate the respiratory rate, depth, and pattern?
Medulla
Which reflex protects the lower airway by clearing excessive bronchial secretions and clearing the airways?
Cough reflex
What is the purpose of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?
To inhibit inspiratory muscles at high lung volume
Which reflex protects the upper airway by clearing foreign particles or irritants through forceful expulsion?
Sneeze reflex
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary reflexes?
To protect the respiratory tract from hazardous substances
Select the correct statement on respiratory control center (RG):
Ventral RG controls both inspiration and expiration, including the pattern of breathing
Respiratory center group can be regulated by several stimuli. Select the correct statement on these regulations:
Stretch receptor of lung negatively regulates the activity of respiratory center in brain stem
Select the best description on pulmonary reflexes:
Cough reflex helps to cough out the foreign particles, food or hazardous chemicals from respiratory tract
Study Notes
Brain Stem and Respiratory Control
- The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is responsible for promoting inspiration.
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is responsible for inhibiting inspiration.
- The pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) is responsible for rhythm generation.
Neurons in the Brain Stem
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) contains I and E neurons.
Brain Regions and Muscles Involved in Respiration
- The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is composed of I (inspiratory) neurons only.
- The sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts to elevate the sternum during inspiration.
- The external intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs outwards during inspiration.
- The internal intercostal muscles contract to depress the lower ribs and push the diaphragm upward during forced expiration.
- The internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs down during expiration.
Modulation of the Respiratory Centre
- The respiratory centre is modulated by inputs from the cortex, chemoreceptors, and stretch receptors.
Role of the Cortex in Breathing
- The cortex is responsible for voluntary control of ventilation, including the ability to fasten, slow down, or hold the breath.
Respiratory Reflexes
- The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex protects the lower airway by clearing excessive bronchial secretions and clearing the airways.
- The cough reflex protects the upper airway by clearing foreign particles or irritants through forceful expulsion.
- Pulmonary reflexes regulate respiratory rate, depth, and pattern in response to changes in the lungs.
Regulation of the Respiratory Centre
- The respiratory center group can be regulated by several stimuli, including chemoreceptors, stretch receptors, and cortex inputs.
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) can be modulated by cortical inputs and other higher brain centers.
Test your knowledge on the respiratory control center in the brain stem and its functions with this quiz. Explore the different regions and their roles in the involuntary control and regulation of respiration.
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