Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for promoting inspiration?
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for promoting inspiration?
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for inhibiting inspiration?
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for inhibiting inspiration?
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for rhythm generation?
Which region in the brain stem is responsible for rhythm generation?
Which group in the brain stem contains I and E neurons?
Which group in the brain stem contains I and E neurons?
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Which region in the brain stem is composed of I (inspiratory) neurons only?
Which region in the brain stem is composed of I (inspiratory) neurons only?
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Which muscle contracts to elevate the sternum during inspiration?
Which muscle contracts to elevate the sternum during inspiration?
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Which muscle contracts to pull the ribs outwards during inspiration?
Which muscle contracts to pull the ribs outwards during inspiration?
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Which muscle contracts to depress the lower ribs and push the diaphragm upward during forced expiration?
Which muscle contracts to depress the lower ribs and push the diaphragm upward during forced expiration?
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Which muscle contracts to pull the ribs down during expiration?
Which muscle contracts to pull the ribs down during expiration?
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Which region in the brain stem inhibits inspiration?
Which region in the brain stem inhibits inspiration?
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Which inputs modulate the activity of the respiratory centre?
Which inputs modulate the activity of the respiratory centre?
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What is the role of the cortex in breathing?
What is the role of the cortex in breathing?
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Which of the following is NOT controlled by the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla?
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla?
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Which muscles fix or elevate ribs 1-2 during inspiration?
Which muscles fix or elevate ribs 1-2 during inspiration?
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Which muscle elevates ribs 3-5 during inspiration?
Which muscle elevates ribs 3-5 during inspiration?
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Which region of the respiratory control center stimulates the ventral respiratory group?
Which region of the respiratory control center stimulates the ventral respiratory group?
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Which inputs modulate the activity of the respiratory center?
Which inputs modulate the activity of the respiratory center?
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Which receptors are located within the airway smooth muscles and are responsible for inhibiting inspiratory muscles at high lung volume?
Which receptors are located within the airway smooth muscles and are responsible for inhibiting inspiratory muscles at high lung volume?
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Which receptors are located between airway epithelial cells and are responsible for causing bronchoconstriction and inhibiting respiration?
Which receptors are located between airway epithelial cells and are responsible for causing bronchoconstriction and inhibiting respiration?
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Which receptors are located in the alveolar wall, close to capillaries, and are responsible for pulmonary fluid retention and rapid, shallow breathing?
Which receptors are located in the alveolar wall, close to capillaries, and are responsible for pulmonary fluid retention and rapid, shallow breathing?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary control of ventilation, including the ability to fasten, slow down, or hold the breath?
Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary control of ventilation, including the ability to fasten, slow down, or hold the breath?
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Which higher brain center can override the function of the brainstem to some extent, but not absolutely?
Which higher brain center can override the function of the brainstem to some extent, but not absolutely?
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Which part of the brain can alter the pattern of breathing in response to emotions like anger or sadness?
Which part of the brain can alter the pattern of breathing in response to emotions like anger or sadness?
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Which part of the brain stem integrates all the chemical and neurological inputs to regulate the respiratory rate, depth, and pattern?
Which part of the brain stem integrates all the chemical and neurological inputs to regulate the respiratory rate, depth, and pattern?
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Which reflex protects the lower airway by clearing excessive bronchial secretions and clearing the airways?
Which reflex protects the lower airway by clearing excessive bronchial secretions and clearing the airways?
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What is the purpose of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?
What is the purpose of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?
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Which reflex protects the upper airway by clearing foreign particles or irritants through forceful expulsion?
Which reflex protects the upper airway by clearing foreign particles or irritants through forceful expulsion?
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What is the primary purpose of pulmonary reflexes?
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary reflexes?
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Select the correct statement on respiratory control center (RG):
Select the correct statement on respiratory control center (RG):
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Respiratory center group can be regulated by several stimuli. Select the correct statement on these regulations:
Respiratory center group can be regulated by several stimuli. Select the correct statement on these regulations:
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Select the best description on pulmonary reflexes:
Select the best description on pulmonary reflexes:
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Study Notes
Brain Stem and Respiratory Control
- The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is responsible for promoting inspiration.
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is responsible for inhibiting inspiration.
- The pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) is responsible for rhythm generation.
Neurons in the Brain Stem
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) contains I and E neurons.
Brain Regions and Muscles Involved in Respiration
- The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is composed of I (inspiratory) neurons only.
- The sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts to elevate the sternum during inspiration.
- The external intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs outwards during inspiration.
- The internal intercostal muscles contract to depress the lower ribs and push the diaphragm upward during forced expiration.
- The internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs down during expiration.
Modulation of the Respiratory Centre
- The respiratory centre is modulated by inputs from the cortex, chemoreceptors, and stretch receptors.
Role of the Cortex in Breathing
- The cortex is responsible for voluntary control of ventilation, including the ability to fasten, slow down, or hold the breath.
Respiratory Reflexes
- The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex protects the lower airway by clearing excessive bronchial secretions and clearing the airways.
- The cough reflex protects the upper airway by clearing foreign particles or irritants through forceful expulsion.
- Pulmonary reflexes regulate respiratory rate, depth, and pattern in response to changes in the lungs.
Regulation of the Respiratory Centre
- The respiratory center group can be regulated by several stimuli, including chemoreceptors, stretch receptors, and cortex inputs.
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) can be modulated by cortical inputs and other higher brain centers.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the respiratory control center in the brain stem and its functions with this quiz. Explore the different regions and their roles in the involuntary control and regulation of respiration.
