49 Questions
Which type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is atelectasis?
incomplete expansion of the lung or collapse of a previously inflated lung leading to loss of lung volume.
What causes resorption atelectasis?
Complete obstruction of an airway
What is compression atelectasis?
Expansion of the pleural space by fluid accumulation
What causes contraction atelectasis?
Focal or generalized pulmonary fibrosis
What is the pathology associated with Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
Diffuse alveolar damage
What distinguishes Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from primary left-sided heart failure?
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
What is the initial phase of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)?
Exudative phase
What is the second phase of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)?
Repair phase
What is the final phase of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)?
Fibrotic phase
What is the main characteristic of the exudative phase of DAD?
Exudation of protein-rich fluid into the alveoli
What occurs during the repair phase of DAD?
Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes
What is the main characteristic of the fibrotic phase of DAD?
Dense interstitial fibrosis
What is the result of the exudative phase of DAD?
Hyaline membrane formation
Which of the following is a major diffuse obstructive lung disease?
Emphysema
What is the hallmark of obstructive lung diseases?
Decreased expiratory flow rate
Which type of emphysema is associated with cigarette smokers?
Centriacinar (centrilobular)
What is the association between alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and emphysema?
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency enhances the development of emphysema
What is the result of high protease destructive activity in individuals with low levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin?
Enhanced tissue destruction
What is the proposed role of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in emphysema?
It causes oxidative damage to antiproteases
What is the effect of agents containing abundant oxidants on the lungs?
They deplete antioxidant stores
What is the total lung capacity in obstructive lung diseases?
Normal or increased
Which of the following is NOT a major diffuse obstructive lung disease?
Pulmonary fibrosis
Which type of emphysema is associated with a deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin?
Panacinar emphysema
Which part of the respiratory tract is affected by centriacinar emphysema?
Respiratory bronchioles
What is the main characteristic of panacinar emphysema?
Enlarged acini uniformly distributed from the respiratory bronchioles to the terminal alveoli
What is the main characteristic of centriacinar emphysema?
Enlarged acini clustered in the center of the respiratory bronchioles
What is the association between alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and panacinar emphysema?
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a risk factor for panacinar emphysema
Which of the following is a hallmark of chronic bronchitis?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucous glands
What is the duration of a productive cough that is considered diagnostic for chronic bronchitis?
More than 3 months
Which of the following is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is defined as a productive cough of more than 3 months occurring within a span of 2 years and has strong association with smoking?
Chronic bronchitis
Which type of asthma is triggered by environmental agents and is the most common type?
Atopic asthma
What is the major etiologic factor for asthma?
Genetic predisposition for type I hypersensitivity
Which cell is critical in both atopic and non-atopic asthma?
Eosinophil
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
What conditions are associated with bronchiectasis?
Congenital or hereditary conditions, post-infectious conditions, bronchial obstruction, and others
What is the proposed role of TH2 helper cells in the pathogenesis of asthma?
Critical role
Which interleukin stimulates the production of IgE when primed with antigen?
IL-4
Which interleukin activates eosinophils during the subsequent response in asthma?
IL-5
Which type of lung tumor is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women?
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Where do squamous cell carcinomas typically arise in the lungs?
Central major bronchi, from dysplastic respiratory epithelium
Which type of lung tumor tends to become large masses, obstruct airways and is prone to infections and lung abscesses?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which type of lung tumor is more common in women, non-smokers, and individuals younger than 45 years?
Adenocarcinoma
Which type of lung tumor tends to grow slowly and form smaller masses compared to other types HOWEVER tends to metastasize widely at an early stage?
Adenocarcinoma
Which type of lung tumor is undifferentiated and lacks squamous or glandular features?
Large-cell carcinoma
Which type of lung tumor has pale gray, centrally located masses?
Small-cell carcinoma
Which type of lung tumor has a neuroendocrine origin and spreads readily to lymph nodes and beyond?
Small-cell carcinoma
Which type of lung tumor has large cells with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli?
Large-cell carcinoma
Which type of lung tumor metastasizes early, widely, and has a poor prognosis?
Large-cell carcinoma
Test your knowledge on the respiratory lining and atelectasis in this quiz. Learn about the composition of the respiratory lining and the types and causes of atelectasis.
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