Pulmonary pathology DS

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Which type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (correct)

What is atelectasis?

Inflammation of the bronchioles

Expansion of the pleural space by fluid accumulation

Excessive secretion of mucus in the airways

incomplete expansion of the lung or collapse of a previously inflated lung leading to loss of lung volume. (correct)

What causes resorption atelectasis?

Complete obstruction of an airway (correct)

Excessive secretion of mucus

Focal or generalized pulmonary fibrosis

Expansion of the pleural space by fluid accumulation

What is compression atelectasis?

Expansion of the pleural space by fluid accumulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes contraction atelectasis?

Focal or generalized pulmonary fibrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathology associated with Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Diffuse alveolar damage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from primary left-sided heart failure?

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial phase of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)?

Exudative phase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the second phase of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)?

Repair phase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final phase of Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)?

Fibrotic phase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the exudative phase of DAD?

Exudation of protein-rich fluid into the alveoli (B) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the repair phase of DAD?

Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the fibrotic phase of DAD?

Dense interstitial fibrosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the exudative phase of DAD?

Hyaline membrane formation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major diffuse obstructive lung disease?

Emphysema (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of obstructive lung diseases?

Decreased expiratory flow rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema is associated with cigarette smokers?

Centriacinar (centrilobular) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and emphysema?

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency enhances the development of emphysema (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high protease destructive activity in individuals with low levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin?

Enhanced tissue destruction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed role of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in emphysema?

It causes oxidative damage to antiproteases (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of agents containing abundant oxidants on the lungs?

They deplete antioxidant stores (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the total lung capacity in obstructive lung diseases?

Normal or increased (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major diffuse obstructive lung disease?

Pulmonary fibrosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema is associated with a deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin?

Panacinar emphysema (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory tract is affected by centriacinar emphysema?

Respiratory bronchioles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of panacinar emphysema?

Enlarged acini uniformly distributed from the respiratory bronchioles to the terminal alveoli (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of centriacinar emphysema?

Enlarged acini clustered in the center of the respiratory bronchioles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and panacinar emphysema?

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a risk factor for panacinar emphysema (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark of chronic bronchitis?

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucous glands (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of a productive cough that is considered diagnostic for chronic bronchitis?

More than 3 months (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is defined as a productive cough of more than 3 months occurring within a span of 2 years and has strong association with smoking?

Chronic bronchitis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of asthma is triggered by environmental agents and is the most common type?

Atopic asthma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major etiologic factor for asthma?

Genetic predisposition for type I hypersensitivity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is critical in both atopic and non-atopic asthma?

Eosinophil (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is bronchiectasis?

Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are associated with bronchiectasis?

Congenital or hereditary conditions, post-infectious conditions, bronchial obstruction, and others (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed role of TH2 helper cells in the pathogenesis of asthma?

Critical role (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which interleukin stimulates the production of IgE when primed with antigen?

IL-4 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which interleukin activates eosinophils during the subsequent response in asthma?

IL-5 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women?

Bronchogenic carcinoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where do squamous cell carcinomas typically arise in the lungs?

Central major bronchi, from dysplastic respiratory epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor tends to become large masses, obstruct airways and is prone to infections and lung abscesses?

Squamous cell carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor is more common in women, non-smokers, and individuals younger than 45 years?

Adenocarcinoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor tends to grow slowly and form smaller masses compared to other types HOWEVER tends to metastasize widely at an early stage?

Adenocarcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor is undifferentiated and lacks squamous or glandular features?

Large-cell carcinoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor has pale gray, centrally located masses?

Small-cell carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor has a neuroendocrine origin and spreads readily to lymph nodes and beyond?

Small-cell carcinoma (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor has large cells with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli?

Large-cell carcinoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung tumor metastasizes early, widely, and has a poor prognosis?

Large-cell carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers