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Questions and Answers
What is pulmonary congestion primarily a result of?
What is pulmonary congestion primarily a result of?
What is the characteristic histological feature in lungs affected by heart failure?
What is the characteristic histological feature in lungs affected by heart failure?
Which condition is described as a collapsed state of the previously inflated alveoli?
Which condition is described as a collapsed state of the previously inflated alveoli?
What is a key cause of acquired atelectasis?
What is a key cause of acquired atelectasis?
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Which of the following describes the appearance of lungs affected by acquired atelectasis?
Which of the following describes the appearance of lungs affected by acquired atelectasis?
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In pulmonary emphysema, what is primarily affected?
In pulmonary emphysema, what is primarily affected?
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What can lead to pulmonary emphysema due to impaired expiration?
What can lead to pulmonary emphysema due to impaired expiration?
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What are heart failure cells phagocytizing in the alveoli?
What are heart failure cells phagocytizing in the alveoli?
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Which physical examination finding might indicate pulmonary compression?
Which physical examination finding might indicate pulmonary compression?
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Which condition is characterized by the overinflation of alveoli?
Which condition is characterized by the overinflation of alveoli?
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What is the most common etiology of suppurative bronchopneumonia?
What is the most common etiology of suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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Which of the following best describes the color change in fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
Which of the following best describes the color change in fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
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What is a key gross feature of interstitial pneumonia?
What is a key gross feature of interstitial pneumonia?
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In granulomatous pneumonia, what is the texture of the lesions?
In granulomatous pneumonia, what is the texture of the lesions?
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What is the primary port of entry for embolic pneumonia?
What is the primary port of entry for embolic pneumonia?
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Which type of pneumonia is often difficult to diagnose grossly?
Which type of pneumonia is often difficult to diagnose grossly?
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What texture is typically associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia?
What texture is typically associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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What color change might be observed in embolic pneumonia as it progresses?
What color change might be observed in embolic pneumonia as it progresses?
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Which of the following is a common symptom sequelae of suppurative bronchopneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom sequelae of suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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What is primarily found on the cut surface of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
What is primarily found on the cut surface of fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
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What condition is characterized by the narrowing of the larynx and the presence of roaring noise during inspiration in horses?
What condition is characterized by the narrowing of the larynx and the presence of roaring noise during inspiration in horses?
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Which pathogen is primarily associated with Necrotic Laryngitis in calves?
Which pathogen is primarily associated with Necrotic Laryngitis in calves?
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Which term describes the dilation of the bronchial lumen?
Which term describes the dilation of the bronchial lumen?
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What is the primary cause of Equine COPD (Equine Heaves)?
What is the primary cause of Equine COPD (Equine Heaves)?
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What type of inflammation occurs in the bronchioles, particularly due to parasitic infections in cattle?
What type of inflammation occurs in the bronchioles, particularly due to parasitic infections in cattle?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Congestion
- Passive accumulation of blood in pulmonary vessels and capillaries
- Often a result of heart failure (Left Side)
- Diffuse red discoloration of all pulmonary lobes, except cranial margins
- Lung edema
- HEART FAILURE CELLS within the alveoli (alveolar macrophages filled with hemosiderin)
- Congested capillaries escape Fluid and erythrocytes into the alveolar space
- Edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhages occur
- RBCs lysis and releases hemosiderin
- Hemosiderin is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages ("Heart failure cells")
Ruptured Pulmonary Aneurysm
- Large abscess erodes major pulmonary vessel
Abnormalties of Inflation
- Collapsed (Atelectasis)
- Overinflated (Emphysema)
Pulmonary Atelectasis
- Previously inflated alveoli lose their air content
- Causes:
- Complete airway obstruction
- Pulmonary compression
- Tympany
- Hydrothorax
- Traumatic pericarditis
- Grossly:
- Lung shows a meaty appearance (red and firm)
- Depressed in relation to the adjacent normal
Pulmonary Emphysema
- Over inflation of alveoli by air with destruction of walls.
- Causes:
- Incomplete obstruction of bronchi or bronchiole (foreign body or exudate)
- Interferes with expiration.
- Alveolar emphysema is characterized by enlargement and rupture of the alveolar walls.
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia
- Typically found in the cranioventral region of the lungs.
- Has a firm texture.
- Color changes from red (acute) to grey (chronic).
- Cut surface reveals purulent exudate within the bronchi.
- Enters the body through the air (aerogenous).
- Common causes include bacteria (low-grade pathogenicity), Mycoplasma, and aspiration of bland material.
- Often leads to cranioventral abscesses and bronchiectasis.
Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
- Found in the cranioventral region.
- Has a hard texture.
- Color changes from red to yellow to grey.
- Fibrin is present on the pleural surface.
- Cut surface shows fibrin and necrosis.
- Enters the body through the air (aerogenous).
- Caused by highly pathogenic bacteria producing exotoxins like Mannheimia haemolytica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
- Can also be caused by harsh aspirated materials.
Interstitial Pneumonia
- Found throughout the lungs (diffuse).
- Has an elastic texture.
- Cut surface appears meaty.
- Gross features include rib imprints and lungs that fail to collapse when the thorax is opened.
- Can enter the body through the air (aerogenous) or the bloodstream (hematogenous).
- Caused by viruses, toxins, type III hypersensitivity reactions, and toxicants.
- Damage is centered in the alveolar wall, affecting the endothelium or pneumocytes.
- Characterized by thickened alveolar walls.
- Often difficult to diagnose visually.
Granulomatous Pneumonia
- Found in multiple areas (multifocal).
- Has a nodular texture (without pus).
- Cut surface contains granulomas.
- Enters the body through the air (aerogenous) or the bloodstream (hematogenous).
- Caused by Mycobacterium spp., systemic mycoses, parasitic ova, trapped food particles (starch), and dead parasites.
Embolic Pneumonia
- Found in multiple areas (multifocal).
- Has a nodular texture.
- Enters the body through the bloodstream (hematogenous).
- Color is red when acute and pale when chronic.
- Caused by:
- Rupture of hepatic abscesses into the vena cava in cattle.
- Vegetative endocarditis (right side of the heart).
- Jugular thrombosis.
- Embolic foreign bodies (hair, septic emboli, etc.).
Laryngeal Hemiplegia
- The left cricoarytenoid muscle, supplied by the left laryngeal nerve, pulls the arytenoid cartilage away during inspiration
- Damage to the left laryngeal nerve causes atrophy of the left cricoarytenoid muscle, leading to the cartilage dropping and narrowing the larynx
- This narrowing causes a noisy inhalation, known as roaring
- Horses with this condition are called roarers
Necrotic Laryngitis (Calf Diphtheria)
- Affects the pharynx, larynx, and oral cavity of calves
- Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, a normal flora bacterium
- Calves stressed by dust or a virus can develop damage to their laryngeal mucosa
- Leads to the formation of a fibrinonecrotic membrane (also known as diphtheritic membrane or fibrinous membrane)
Tracheitis
- Inflammation of the trachea
- Common in cattle
- Can be caused by:
- IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis)
- BRSV (Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
- PI-3 (Parainfluenza Virus 3)
Parasitic Bronchitis
- Most common forms:
- Dictyocaulus viviparus (in bovines)
- Dictyocaulus filariae (in ovines)
- Causes inflammation of the bronchioles, known as bronchiolitis
Bronchiectasis
- Dilation of the bronchial lumen
Equine Heaves
- Also known as Equine COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) or Equine Asthma
- An allergic disease in horses
- Caused by inhalation of dust and allergens
- Results in mild bronchiolar inflammation and severe goblet cell metaplasia, leading to increased mucus production and airway obstruction
- Grossly:
- Difficult expiration, leading to compensatory hypertrophy of the abdominal muscles (heave line)
- Pulmonary emphysema
- Microscopically:
- Severe Bronchiolar Goblet Cell Metaplasia
- Mucus Plugs In The Lumens
- Presence of Some Inflammatory Cells
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Description
Test your knowledge on various pulmonary conditions, including pulmonary congestion, ruptured pulmonary aneurysm, and atelectasis. This quiz covers the causes, effects, and histological features associated with these conditions. Perfect for students studying respiratory pathology.
