Pulmonary Pathology

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What is a characteristic of emphysematous patients?

They are often thin and have a pinkish complexion (correct)

They have a persistent cough with no sputum production

They are often obese and have a bluish discoloration

They experience shortness of breath only during physical activity

What is the primary cause of shortness of breath in emphysematous patients?

Increased work of breathing and use of accessory muscles (correct)

Reversible bronchoconstriction of hyperreactive airways

Chronic inflammation of the airways

Permanent damage to the lung tissue

What is a characteristic of asthma?

Permanent damage to the lung tissue

Episodic reversible bronchoconstriction of hyperreactive airways (correct)

Histologic changes in the lung tissue with no bronchial muscle hypertrophy

Chronic inflammation of the airways with no reversible component

What is the primary mechanism of atopic asthma?

Release of histamine from mast cells and activation of T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of non-atopic asthma?

It involves direct stimulation of parasympathetic nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for non-atopic asthma?

Aspirin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of an asthmatic attack?

Tightness in the chest Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of asthma between episodes?

Patients appear normal Signup and view all the answers

What defines acute severe asthma?

A medical condition unresponsive to beta-agonist therapy within 30-60 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What are possible complications of status asthmaticus?

Hypoxemia and hypercarbia Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years?

Chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bronchiectasis from other pulmonary diseases?

It involves permanent enlargement of parts of the airways Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the airway blockage in bronchiectasis?

Breakdown of airways due to excessive inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used to manage bronchiectasis?

Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids Signup and view all the answers

Which function do the lungs perform in addition to transferring oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Detoxification and excretion of toxins Signup and view all the answers

What happens in obstructive lung disease?

Air becomes trapped within the parenchyma of the lung Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a main type of obstructive lung disease?

Emphysema Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines emphysema?

Loss of pulmonary parenchyma and dilation of terminal airways Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of bullae rupturing in bullous emphysema?

Collapse of the lung and sudden onset of dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the right lung in severe emphysema?

Radiolucency due to decreased tissue Signup and view all the answers

What causes alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency disease?

Insufficient amounts of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein Signup and view all the answers

How do toxins in cigarette smoke cause emphysema?

By stimulating neutrophils and interfering with enzyme balance, damaging alveolar walls Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia is typically associated with moderate sputum production and no physical findings of consolidation?

Community-acquired atypical pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which causative organisms are most commonly associated with nosocomial pneumonia?

Gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia is a potential result of severe intoxication or neuromuscular impairment?

Aspiration pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of aspiration pneumonia?

Lung abscess Signup and view all the answers

Which category of pulmonary infection commonly affects immunocompromised patients?

Pneumonia in the immunocompromised patient Signup and view all the answers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is primarily associated with which type of pneumonia?

Chronic pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for community-acquired typical pneumonia based on its subdivisions?

Bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are generally excluded when diagnosing community-acquired atypical pneumonia?

Bacterial organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT at a higher risk of active TB or reactivation of TB?

Young healthy adults Signup and view all the answers

What pathological feature characterizes primary TB?

Ghon complex with enlarged lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Why can secondary TB develop in an individual with a history of primary TB?

Viable bacteria in the Ghon complex reactivate Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is LEAST likely associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

Nausea and diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

How does miliary TB present histologically in affected organs?

Millet seed appearance Signup and view all the answers

What condition can cause fluid leakage in the lungs leading to ARDS?

Severe illness or injury Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used specifically for tuberculosis?

Tuberculin skin test Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is common in both COVID-19 and influenza but less common in the common cold?

Fever Signup and view all the answers