38 Questions
What is a characteristic of emphysematous patients?
They are often thin and have a pinkish complexion
What is the primary cause of shortness of breath in emphysematous patients?
Increased work of breathing and use of accessory muscles
What is a characteristic of asthma?
Episodic reversible bronchoconstriction of hyperreactive airways
What is the primary mechanism of atopic asthma?
Release of histamine from mast cells and activation of T lymphocytes
What is a characteristic of non-atopic asthma?
It involves direct stimulation of parasympathetic nerve fibers
What is a common trigger for non-atopic asthma?
Aspirin
What is a common symptom of an asthmatic attack?
Tightness in the chest
What is a characteristic of asthma between episodes?
Patients appear normal
What defines acute severe asthma?
A medical condition unresponsive to beta-agonist therapy within 30-60 minutes
What are possible complications of status asthmaticus?
Hypoxemia and hypercarbia
Which condition is characterized by a persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years?
Chronic bronchitis
What distinguishes bronchiectasis from other pulmonary diseases?
It involves permanent enlargement of parts of the airways
What factor contributes to the airway blockage in bronchiectasis?
Breakdown of airways due to excessive inflammatory response
Which medication is commonly used to manage bronchiectasis?
Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids
Which function do the lungs perform in addition to transferring oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Detoxification and excretion of toxins
What happens in obstructive lung disease?
Air becomes trapped within the parenchyma of the lung
Which of the following is a main type of obstructive lung disease?
Emphysema
What characteristic defines emphysema?
Loss of pulmonary parenchyma and dilation of terminal airways
What is a consequence of bullae rupturing in bullous emphysema?
Collapse of the lung and sudden onset of dyspnea
What is a distinguishing feature of the right lung in severe emphysema?
Radiolucency due to decreased tissue
What causes alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency disease?
Insufficient amounts of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein
How do toxins in cigarette smoke cause emphysema?
By stimulating neutrophils and interfering with enzyme balance, damaging alveolar walls
Which type of pneumonia is typically associated with moderate sputum production and no physical findings of consolidation?
Community-acquired atypical pneumonia
Which causative organisms are most commonly associated with nosocomial pneumonia?
Gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus
Which type of pneumonia is a potential result of severe intoxication or neuromuscular impairment?
Aspiration pneumonia
What is a common complication of aspiration pneumonia?
Lung abscess
Which category of pulmonary infection commonly affects immunocompromised patients?
Pneumonia in the immunocompromised patient
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is primarily associated with which type of pneumonia?
Chronic pneumonia
What is another name for community-acquired typical pneumonia based on its subdivisions?
Bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia
Which organisms are generally excluded when diagnosing community-acquired atypical pneumonia?
Bacterial organisms
Which group is NOT at a higher risk of active TB or reactivation of TB?
Young healthy adults
What pathological feature characterizes primary TB?
Ghon complex with enlarged lymph nodes
Why can secondary TB develop in an individual with a history of primary TB?
Viable bacteria in the Ghon complex reactivate
Which symptom is LEAST likely associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?
Nausea and diarrhea
How does miliary TB present histologically in affected organs?
Millet seed appearance
What condition can cause fluid leakage in the lungs leading to ARDS?
Severe illness or injury
Which diagnostic test is used specifically for tuberculosis?
Tuberculin skin test
What symptom is common in both COVID-19 and influenza but less common in the common cold?
Fever
This quiz covers the functions of the lungs, including gas exchange, detoxification, and acid-base balance, as well as the classification of lung diseases into four categories.
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