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Questions and Answers
What is a potential risk when combining codeine with other CNS depressants?
What is a potential risk when combining codeine with other CNS depressants?
Which of the following conditions should NOT be treated with codeine?
Which of the following conditions should NOT be treated with codeine?
What is the primary therapeutic action of mucolytics like Acetylcysteine?
What is the primary therapeutic action of mucolytics like Acetylcysteine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using Acetylcysteine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using Acetylcysteine?
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What effect do systemic decongestants like pseudoephedrine have on the body?
What effect do systemic decongestants like pseudoephedrine have on the body?
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Which medication is known to act like erythropoietin and increase RBC production?
Which medication is known to act like erythropoietin and increase RBC production?
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What are the potential effects of combining pseudoephedrine with MAOIs?
What are the potential effects of combining pseudoephedrine with MAOIs?
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What is one reason why some topical decongestants are favored over systemic ones?
What is one reason why some topical decongestants are favored over systemic ones?
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What is the primary purpose of mast cell stabilizers like cromolyn sodium?
What is the primary purpose of mast cell stabilizers like cromolyn sodium?
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Which of the following statements about beta2-adrenergic agonists is true?
Which of the following statements about beta2-adrenergic agonists is true?
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What is the action of anticholinergic drugs in respiratory care?
What is the action of anticholinergic drugs in respiratory care?
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Which of the following is a common warning associated with theophylline usage?
Which of the following is a common warning associated with theophylline usage?
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What is a significant consideration when administering systemic corticosteroids to elderly patients?
What is a significant consideration when administering systemic corticosteroids to elderly patients?
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What therapeutic serum levels of theophylline are considered optimal?
What therapeutic serum levels of theophylline are considered optimal?
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Which medication is primarily used as an expectorant in respiratory conditions?
Which medication is primarily used as an expectorant in respiratory conditions?
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Which leukotriene modifier is known to stop the effects of leukotrienes?
Which leukotriene modifier is known to stop the effects of leukotrienes?
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What condition is NOT typically treated with antitussives like dextromethorphan?
What condition is NOT typically treated with antitussives like dextromethorphan?
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Inhaled corticosteroids are most effective for what purpose?
Inhaled corticosteroids are most effective for what purpose?
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Which symptom is indicative of theophylline toxicity that requires careful monitoring?
Which symptom is indicative of theophylline toxicity that requires careful monitoring?
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Beta2-adrenergic agonists should be administered with caution in patients taking which of the following?
Beta2-adrenergic agonists should be administered with caution in patients taking which of the following?
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Which of the following treatments would be most appropriate for exercise-induced asthma?
Which of the following treatments would be most appropriate for exercise-induced asthma?
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What is the duration of action for Ipratropium bromide after inhalation?
What is the duration of action for Ipratropium bromide after inhalation?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of using leukotriene modifiers?
Which of the following is a potential side effect of using leukotriene modifiers?
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What effect does methylxanthine have on airway reactivity?
What effect does methylxanthine have on airway reactivity?
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What does anemia indicate?
What does anemia indicate?
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What are the three main causes of decreased RBCs?
What are the three main causes of decreased RBCs?
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Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that provides ______ capacity.
Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that provides ______ capacity.
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Anemia is specific to a single disease.
Anemia is specific to a single disease.
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What does hematocrit indicate?
What does hematocrit indicate?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of decreased RBCs?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of decreased RBCs?
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What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for COPD?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for COPD?
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Chronic bronchitis affects the alveoli.
Chronic bronchitis affects the alveoli.
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What is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis?
What is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis?
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What symptom is commonly associated with COPD?
What symptom is commonly associated with COPD?
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Which laboratory assessment provides information about gas exchange in COPD?
Which laboratory assessment provides information about gas exchange in COPD?
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COPD is the ____ leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.
COPD is the ____ leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.
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What does a peak flow meter measure in asthma patients?
What does a peak flow meter measure in asthma patients?
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What is the focus of therapeutic management of asthma?
What is the focus of therapeutic management of asthma?
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Status asthmaticus is a severe and life-threatening acute episode of airway obstruction.
Status asthmaticus is a severe and life-threatening acute episode of airway obstruction.
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What are the main components reduced in anemia?
What are the main components reduced in anemia?
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Anemia is a specific disease.
Anemia is a specific disease.
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Which of the following can cause decreased RBCs? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following can cause decreased RBCs? (Select all that apply)
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What is hemoglobin responsible for?
What is hemoglobin responsible for?
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What does hematocrit measure?
What does hematocrit measure?
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Which of the following conditions is considered under COPD?
Which of the following conditions is considered under COPD?
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Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for COPD.
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for COPD.
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What is the 4th leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.?
What is the 4th leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.?
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Which of the following are complications of COPD?
Which of the following are complications of COPD?
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What is a primary symptom associated with chronic bronchitis?
What is a primary symptom associated with chronic bronchitis?
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What is hypoxemia?
What is hypoxemia?
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What type of assessment is important in managing COPD?
What type of assessment is important in managing COPD?
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Pursed lip breathing is a technique used in COPD management.
Pursed lip breathing is a technique used in COPD management.
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COPD is often characterized by chronic ___________ and airway obstruction.
COPD is often characterized by chronic ___________ and airway obstruction.
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Which of the following medications are considered rescue drugs for asthma?
Which of the following medications are considered rescue drugs for asthma?
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What is status asthmaticus?
What is status asthmaticus?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Drugs Overview
- Bronchodilators relax airway muscles, facilitating improved airflow.
Beta2-adrenergic Agonists
- Utilized for bronchodilation, available in inhalation and systemic forms.
-
Examples:
- Albuterol: Short-acting, used as an inhaler.
- Formoterol and Salmeterol: Long-acting options for COPD and asthma.
- Counteracted by beta-adrenergic blockers, which reduce bronchodilation effects.
Anticholinergics
- Administered via inhalation; effective bronchodilators.
- Primarily relieve symptoms of COPD and asthma.
- Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) is most common; acts in 15-20 minutes and lasts 3-5 hours.
Corticosteroids
- Mode of action: Anti-inflammatory; used for both acute asthma attacks and chronic symptoms.
- Forms: Inhaled (Beclomethasone) and systemic (Prednisone).
- Special monitoring required for pediatric growth, elderly osteoporosis risk, and diabetic blood glucose levels.
Leukotriene Modifiers
- Block leukotrienes, reducing airway constriction and inflammation.
-
Examples:
- Montelukast (Singulair): Commonly used in mild to moderate asthma.
Mast Cell Stabilizers
- Prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
- Cromolyn sodium (Intal) is preferred for exercise-induced asthma and pediatric patients.
- Administered via inhaled or oral routes.
Methylxanthines
- Bronchodilator effect with decreased airway reactivity.
-
Examples:
- Theophylline: Therapeutic range is 10-20 mcg/mL; toxicity may occur with high-fat meals.
- Caffeine also impacts bronchodilation and CO2 sensitivity.
Expectorants
- Facilitate mucus clearance from the airways, reducing thickness.
- Guaifenesin (Mucinex) is commonly used; effective for non-productive coughs associated with respiratory conditions.
Antitussives
- Suppress cough reflex; used for non-productive coughs.
-
Examples:
- Dextromethorphan: Not to be used with MAOIs.
- Codeine: Caution with CNS depressants due to increased risk of respiratory depression.
Mucolytics
- Breakdown thick mucus, making it easier to expel.
-
Examples:
- Acetylcysteine: Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity and used in bronchial disorders.
- Risk of bronchospasm makes it less suitable for asthma patients.
Decongestants
- Cause vasoconstriction, reducing nasal inflammation.
-
Types:
- Topical (e.g., Oxymetazoline): Fast-acting with minimal side effects.
- Systemic (e.g., Pseudoephedrine): Possible CNS stimulation and jitteriness; regulated due to potential misuse in methamphetamine production.
Colony Stimulating Factors
- Erythropoietin analog that stimulates RBC production.
-
Examples:
- Epogen and Procrit: Treat anemia by increasing hemoglobin through enhanced RBC generation.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- 15 million individuals diagnosed with COPD in the U.S. and 900,000 in Canada.
- Fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.
- Pathophysiology consists of lower airway disorders that disrupt airflow and gas exchange, primarily through emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Emphysema
- Characterized by destruction of lung elastic tissue, leading to hyperinflation and air trapping.
- Results in increased work of breathing, decreased gas exchange, and sensations of "air hunger."
Chronic Bronchitis
- Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to irritants (especially cigarette smoke).
- Causes thickening of bronchial walls and excessive mucus production, obstructing airflow and facilitating chronic infections.
Risk Factors for COPD
- Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor.
- Other factors include alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and asthma.
Complications of COPD
- Common complications include hypoxemia, respiratory infections, cardiac failure (cor pulmonale), dysrhythmias, and respiratory failure.
COPD Assessment
- Key assessment components include history of smoking, breathing problems, activity levels, and weight.
- Physical examination may reveal signs of respiratory distress, such as barrel chest.
Laboratory Assessment for COPD
- Arterial blood gases (ABGs) are used to assess carbon dioxide levels and oxygen saturation.
- Safe oxygen saturation targets for COPD patients are between 88-92%.
Management of COPD
- Emphasis on smoking cessation and self-management education, including the use of oxygen therapy and breathing techniques.
- Weight management, regular small meals, and anxiety reduction are essential for improving quality of life.
Prevention Strategies
- Highlight the importance of avoiding respiratory infections and promoting endurance through energy conservation.
Health Promotion and Maintenance
- Focus on coordination of care through self-management, education about drug therapy, and utilization of healthcare resources.
Evaluation of COPD Outcomes
- Goals include achieving stable gas exchange, effective breathing patterns, maintaining ideal body weight, and reducing anxiety.
Asthma Overview
- A chronic disease that affects individuals of all ages, particularly prevalent in children aged 10-17.
- Significant risk factors include family history, allergies, and previous respiratory infections.
Asthma Pathophysiology
- Characterized by reversible obstructive airway disease resulting from inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and accumulation of mucus.
- Two phases of asthma response: immediate (allergen activation) and late (inflammatory response).
Asthma Assessment
- Signs to observe include wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, and use of accessory muscles.
- Laboratory diagnostics include pulse oximetry, ABGs, and pulmonary function tests.
Asthma Triggers
- Common triggers include cold air, smoke, allergens, exercise, and certain medications.
Asthma Therapeutic Management
- Goal to improve airflow through assessing symptoms, avoiding triggers, and administering appropriate medications.
- Includes both rescue drugs (short-acting) and control medications (long-term).
Emergency Treatment Needs in Asthma
- Symptoms indicating need for immediate treatment include worsening wheezing, minimal or no aeration, and gray or blue lips.
- Status asthmaticus is a severe, life-threatening condition requiring urgent intervention.
Environmental Modifications for Asthma
- Strategies to reduce exposure to allergens include maintaining clean environments, using air filters, and managing humidity levels.
Education and Prevention Strategies for Asthma
- Ongoing collaboration and education with patients, families, and healthcare providers are crucial for effective asthma management and prevention of exacerbations.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- 15 million individuals diagnosed with COPD in the U.S. and 900,000 in Canada.
- Fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.
- Pathophysiology consists of lower airway disorders that disrupt airflow and gas exchange, primarily through emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Emphysema
- Characterized by destruction of lung elastic tissue, leading to hyperinflation and air trapping.
- Results in increased work of breathing, decreased gas exchange, and sensations of "air hunger."
Chronic Bronchitis
- Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to irritants (especially cigarette smoke).
- Causes thickening of bronchial walls and excessive mucus production, obstructing airflow and facilitating chronic infections.
Risk Factors for COPD
- Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor.
- Other factors include alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and asthma.
Complications of COPD
- Common complications include hypoxemia, respiratory infections, cardiac failure (cor pulmonale), dysrhythmias, and respiratory failure.
COPD Assessment
- Key assessment components include history of smoking, breathing problems, activity levels, and weight.
- Physical examination may reveal signs of respiratory distress, such as barrel chest.
Laboratory Assessment for COPD
- Arterial blood gases (ABGs) are used to assess carbon dioxide levels and oxygen saturation.
- Safe oxygen saturation targets for COPD patients are between 88-92%.
Management of COPD
- Emphasis on smoking cessation and self-management education, including the use of oxygen therapy and breathing techniques.
- Weight management, regular small meals, and anxiety reduction are essential for improving quality of life.
Prevention Strategies
- Highlight the importance of avoiding respiratory infections and promoting endurance through energy conservation.
Health Promotion and Maintenance
- Focus on coordination of care through self-management, education about drug therapy, and utilization of healthcare resources.
Evaluation of COPD Outcomes
- Goals include achieving stable gas exchange, effective breathing patterns, maintaining ideal body weight, and reducing anxiety.
Asthma Overview
- A chronic disease that affects individuals of all ages, particularly prevalent in children aged 10-17.
- Significant risk factors include family history, allergies, and previous respiratory infections.
Asthma Pathophysiology
- Characterized by reversible obstructive airway disease resulting from inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and accumulation of mucus.
- Two phases of asthma response: immediate (allergen activation) and late (inflammatory response).
Asthma Assessment
- Signs to observe include wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, and use of accessory muscles.
- Laboratory diagnostics include pulse oximetry, ABGs, and pulmonary function tests.
Asthma Triggers
- Common triggers include cold air, smoke, allergens, exercise, and certain medications.
Asthma Therapeutic Management
- Goal to improve airflow through assessing symptoms, avoiding triggers, and administering appropriate medications.
- Includes both rescue drugs (short-acting) and control medications (long-term).
Emergency Treatment Needs in Asthma
- Symptoms indicating need for immediate treatment include worsening wheezing, minimal or no aeration, and gray or blue lips.
- Status asthmaticus is a severe, life-threatening condition requiring urgent intervention.
Environmental Modifications for Asthma
- Strategies to reduce exposure to allergens include maintaining clean environments, using air filters, and managing humidity levels.
Education and Prevention Strategies for Asthma
- Ongoing collaboration and education with patients, families, and healthcare providers are crucial for effective asthma management and prevention of exacerbations.
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Description
Explore the various classes of respiratory drugs including bronchodilators, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Learn about their mechanisms, examples, and clinical applications, particularly for asthma and COPD. This quiz helps solidify your understanding of these crucial medications.
