Drugs & Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum daily dosage for Dextromethorphan when used in combination with other agents?

  • 10mg
  • 20mg
  • 25mg
  • 15mg (correct)

For a patient over 6 years of age, what is the recommended dosage of Oxymetazoline HCl (Afrin) for nasal congestion?

  • 1-2 sprays in each nostril BID (correct)
  • 1 spray daily
  • 2-3 gtt BID
  • 3 gtt every 10 hours

What is the primary indication for using Fluticasone?

  • Sinus drainage promotion
  • Bronchodilation
  • Cough suppression
  • Nasal congestion relief (correct)

What is the maximum daily dosage for Benzonatate (Tessalon)?

<p>600mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Dextromethorphan?

<p>It can be taken in syrup form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Dextromethorphan absorbed in the body?

<p>Through the gastrointestinal tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate dosage for children aged 2-5 years using Oxymetazoline HCl?

<p>2-3 gtt BID (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does hay fever commonly lead to?

<p>Sinusitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to assess the effectiveness of drug therapy for a patient using Zafirlukast?

<p>Liver function tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect when using Zafirlukast in patients decreasing steroid doses?

<p>Churg-Strauss syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is Zafirlukast best absorbed?

<p>1 hour before or 2 hours after meals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which signs should be observed to check for cyanosis in patients?

<p>Lips and fingernails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antitussive acts specifically on the cough-control center in the medulla?

<p>Narcotic antitussive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important interaction to monitor when using Warfarin with Zafirlukast?

<p>Prothrombin time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these symptoms is associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome?

<p>Abdominal pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the purposes of providing adequate hydration for patients?

<p>To aid in loosening secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bronchodilators?

<p>To treat symptoms of asthma and COPD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist?

<p>Terbutaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs includes corticosteroids?

<p>Anti-inflammatory agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage schedule for levalbuterol in patients over 12 years old?

<p>2 puffs every 4-6 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of administration is NOT available for short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists?

<p>Intravenous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should avoid using phenylephrine HCl?

<p>Patients using MAO inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional function do bronchodilators provide beyond treating respiratory symptoms?

<p>Elimination of CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of decongestants?

<p>Restlessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists?

<p>They provide prolonged relief for asthma symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common caution associated with pseudoephedrine use?

<p>Should be used cautiously in patients with cardiovascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of bronchodilator?

<p>Corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of using nasal decongestants for more than 5 days?

<p>Rebound nasal congestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction can be exacerbated by the use of pseudoephedrine?

<p>Beta-blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended nursing responsibility for clients using decongestants?

<p>Educate on proper usage of inhalers and sprays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should pseudoephedrine be avoided in hypertensive patients?

<p>It may cause cardiac arrest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dosage of pseudoephedrine is recommended for children aged 2-5 years?

<p>15mg every 4-6 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents are known to increase the activity of corticosteroids?

<p>Ketoconazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to take oral medicines to minimize gastrointestinal upset?

<p>With food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Cromolyn is true?

<p>Frequent use can decrease the severity or frequency of attacks over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug should be taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals?

<p>Zafirlukast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rinsing the mouth after using inhaled steroids is to prevent which of the following?

<p>Oral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors may decrease the effectiveness of montelukast?

<p>Concurrent use of erythromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing responsibility should be followed for patients using bronchodilators and corticosteroids inhalers?

<p>Use bronchodilator several minutes before corticosteroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a precaution regarding the use of leukotriene modifiers?

<p>Pregnant women should avoid them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key nursing responsibility when administering long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists?

<p>Monitor BP, pulse, respiratory rate, and breath sounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended dose of theophylline in mg per kg per day?

<p>24 mg/kg/d (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should patients avoid products containing caffeine while on theophylline?

<p>Caffeine can increase theophylline's adverse effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the danger of administering long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists more frequently than prescribed?

<p>It can cause serious adverse effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups should not receive long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists?

<p>Patients experiencing an acute asthma attack. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthine bronchodilators?

<p>They increase cAMP levels to produce bronchodilation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical instruction to provide patients on theophylline?

<p>Consult a doctor before taking non-prescription medications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a potential interaction that reduces the effectiveness of theophylline?

<p>Use with beta-adrenergic blockers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bronchodilators

Drugs that relax the muscles around the airways in the lungs, making breathing easier.

Beta2-adrenergic agonists

Bronchodilators that stimulate beta2 receptors in the lungs, causing bronchodilation.

Asthma & COPD

Conditions where airways become inflamed and narrow, making breathing difficult.

Short-acting beta2-agonists

Bronchodilators that work quickly but only for a short time.

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Albuterol

A common short-acting bronchodilator.

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Long-acting beta2-agonists

Bronchodilators that provide longer relief of respiratory symptoms.

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Inhalation

Delivery of medication directly into the lungs via an inhaler.

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Prevention (Asthma)

Using inhaled medications before exercise to avoid asthma attacks.

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Phenylephrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine)

A nasal decongestant used to relieve congestion.

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MAO Inhibitors and Phenylephrine

Combining phenylephrine with MAO inhibitors can increase blood pressure and heart problems.

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Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (Sudafed)

Oral decongestant used to relieve nasal congestion.

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Pseudoephedrine and Hypertension

Pseudoephedrine can increase blood pressure, especially in those with pre-existing high blood pressure, leading to increased risks.

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Rebound Nasal Congestion

Prolonged use of nasal decongestants can lead to a worsening of nasal congestion.

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Decongestants and Caffeine

Avoid large amounts of caffeine with decongestants, as this can worsen restlessness and palpitations.

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Nasal Decongestant Use Limit

Do not use nasal decongestants for more than 5 days to prevent rebound nasal congestion.

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Adverse Effects of Decongestants

Decongestants might cause nervousness, jitters, abnormal heart rhythms, and other side effects.

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Dextromethorphan

A non-opioid antitussive (cough suppressant) available in various forms, including syrup, chewable capsules, and lozenges.

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Benzonatate (Tessalon)

A non-opioid antitussive that works by numbing the stretch receptors in the lungs, reducing the urge to cough.

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Oxymetazoline HCl (Afrin)

A nasal decongestant that shrinks swollen blood vessels in the nasal passages, providing temporary relief from congestion.

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Fluticasone (Flonase, Flovent)

A nasal corticosteroid that helps reduce inflammation in the nasal passages, relieving symptoms of allergies and sinusitis.

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Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)

A common condition caused by allergies that causes symptoms like sneezing, congestion, runny nose, and sinus pressure.

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Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by infection or allergies, leading to pain and pressure in the face.

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Nasal congestion

A condition where the nasal passages are blocked, making it difficult to breathe through the nose.

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Sinus drainage

The process of clearing mucus from the sinuses, often helped by decongestants.

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Zafirlukast

A leukotriene modifier used to treat asthma. It helps prevent bronchospasm and inflammation in the airways.

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Montelukast

Another leukotriene modifier used to treat asthma; similar to Zafirlukast, it reduces inflammation in the airways.

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Churg-Strauss syndrome

A rare disorder causing inflammation of blood vessels, possibly linked to using leukotriene modifiers like Zafirlukast while decreasing steroid doses.

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Antitussives

Medications used to suppress coughing by acting on the cough-control center in the brain.

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Warfarin and Zafirlukast

Taking these medications together may increase bleeding risk, requiring close monitoring of prothrombin time and warfarin dose adjustments.

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Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafirlukast

Combining these medications can increase Zafirlukast's effects and potentially lead to toxicity.

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Zafirlukast Absorption

This medication is best absorbed when taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.

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Montelukast Absorption

This medicine is absorbed more efficiently when taken at night.

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What are Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists?

These are medications that help open up the airways in your lungs for a longer period of time, usually 12 hours or more.

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Salmeterol (Serevent Diskus)

A common long-acting beta2-agonist, often prescribed for managing asthma.

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Why is it important to take Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists as prescribed?

Taking them more often than recommended can lead to serious side effects, including death.

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What should you do if someone experiences an acute asthma attack?

Do not use a long-acting beta2-agonist during an acute asthma attack. Use a fast-acting inhaler instead.

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How can you help someone manage their asthma with long-acting medications?

Teach them how to use their inhaler correctly and emphasize the importance of fluid intake to keep secretions less viscous.

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What are some common interactions with Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists?

They can interact with other medications, such as theophylline, beta-blockers, and caffeine, so it's important to inform the doctor about all medications being taken.

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What is the role of Methylxanthines in Asthma management?

These medications help relax the muscles around the airways, making breathing easier. They work by inhibiting cAMP.

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What is an example of a Methylxanthine Bronchodilator?

Aminophylline (theophylline) is a common example, often given as a PO or IV medication.

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What are the effects of Hormonal contraceptives, Ketoconazole, and macrolide antibiotics on corticosteroids?

These medications increase the activity of corticosteroids, potentially leading to higher levels of corticosteroid effects in the body.

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What are the effects of Barbiturates, Cholestyramine, and Phenytoin on corticosteroids?

These medications decrease the effectiveness of corticosteroids, potentially reducing the desired therapeutic response.

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Montelukast (Singulair)

A leukotriene modifier used to prevent asthma attacks by blocking the action of leukotrienes.

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What is the recommended way to use a bronchodilator and corticosteroid inhaler?

Use the bronchodilator first to open up the airways, followed by the corticosteroid to reduce inflammation.

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Zafirlukast (Accolate)

A leukotriene modifier that blocks the action of leukotrienes, helping to prevent asthma attacks.

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Zileuton (Zyflo)

A leukotriene modifier that blocks the production of leukotrienes, preventing their inflammatory effects.

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What are the precautions when using Leukotriene Modifiers?

Use cautiously in pregnant women. Avoid concurrent use with drugs like erythromycin, theophylline, phenobarbital, and rifampicin.

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Why is it important to rinse your mouth after using inhaled corticosteroids?

Rinsing helps to prevent oral thrush (candidiasis), a fungal infection that can occur with prolonged use of inhaled corticosteroids.

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Study Notes

Drugs & Respiratory System

  • Lung Functions: Supplies body tissues with oxygen (O2) and eliminates carbon dioxide (CO2). Distributes air through the bronchi. Performs gas exchange in the alveoli, exchanging O2 and CO2 through diffusion.
  • Bronchodilators: Treat symptoms associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and exercise-induced asthma. Two categories: short-acting and long-acting.
  • Short-acting Beta2-adrenergic Agonists: Include albuterol (systemic, inhalation), bitolterol (systemic), levalbuterol (inhalation), metaproterenol (inhalation), pirbuterol (inhalation), and terbutaline (systemic). Albuterol (AccuNeb, Proventil, Ventolin) is given systemically and via inhalation (0.5ml in 3ml of 0.9% NaCl in 5-15 minutes). Levalbuterol and Metaproterenol are inhaled. Pirbuterol is inhaled. Terbutaline is systemic.
  • Long-acting Beta2-adrenergic Agonists: Include albuterol (oral, systemic), formoterol (inhalation), and salmeterol (inhalation). Formoterol is inhaled, and salmeterol is inhaled. Albuterol is both oral and systemic.

Anti-inflammatory Agents

  • Corticosteroids (Steroids): Examples include Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone, Beclomethasone, Budesonide.
  • Leukotriene Modifiers: Examples include Montelukast and Zafirlukast.
  • Mast Cell Stabilizers: Used to prevent or control inflammation.
  • Other Agents: Expectorants, antitussives, decongestants.

Combination Agents

  • Albuterol and ipratropium (Combivent): Inhaled medication.

Contraindications and Precautions

  • Patients with uncontrolled arrhythmias, hypertension, coronary artery disease, or history of stroke.
  • Use cautiously in patients with diabetes, hyperthyroidism, or history of seizures.

Adverse Reactions

  • Anxiety, nervousness, tremors, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, dry mouth, bronchospasms.
  • Albuterol- Hypokalemia in patients having dialysis.
  • Long-acting drugs can increase the severity of asthma episodes.

Nursing Responsibilities

  • Monitor BP, pulse, respiratory rate, breath sounds
  • Administer drugs as prescribed.
  • Monitor respiratory status.

Other Important Information

  • Do not give long-acting drugs more often than prescribed.
  • Do not administer drugs during acute asthma attacks.
  • Teach patients how to use inhalation drugs.
  • Advise patients to maintain adequate fluid intake.
  • Consult a doctor before taking non-prescription medications.
  • Avoid respiratory irritants (e.g., smoke, dust).
  • Avoid products containing coffee.
  • Use cautiously in elderly, neonates, and patients with heart conditions, low blood oxygen (hypoxemia), liver disease, or hypertension.
  • Aminophylline is contraindicated for patients hypersensitive to ethylenediamine or with rectal/colonic infections.

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Description

Explore the essential functions of the lungs and the role of bronchodilators in treating respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD. This quiz covers various types of beta2-adrenergic agonists, their administration routes, and their therapeutic applications. Test your knowledge on how these medications assist in improving respiratory health.

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