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Questions and Answers
Which adverse reaction is commonly associated with sympathomimetic bronchodilators?
What is a primary indication for using parasympathetic blockers like ipratropine?
Which medication should NOT be used alone for acute bronchospasm?
What is a vital part of patient education regarding inhaler use?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of respiratory drugs?
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What is a common caution when using parasympathetic blockers?
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Which sympathomimetic bronchodilator is known for its longer-lasting effects?
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Which symptom indicates a possible overdose or hypersensitivity to respiratory drugs?
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What should be monitored in patients taking medication for asthma and COPD?
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Which of the following adverse reactions may occur with increasing serum levels of a medication used for asthma?
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Instructing a patient taking Cromolyn Sodium, which of the following is important?
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What is a critical aspect of patient education for someone taking maintenance medication for asthma?
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Which statement regarding inhaled steroids is accurate?
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What adverse reaction is not typically associated with Cromolyn Sodium used for allergic asthma?
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For patients using inhaled steroids, what is a vital nursing indication?
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How long may it take for Cromolyn Sodium to produce noticeable results?
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What is a common adverse reaction that may be experienced by patients taking bronchodilators?
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Which of the following is an appropriate nursing indication for assessing patients receiving inhaled steroids?
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What instruction should be given to a patient regarding the use of Cromolyn Sodium?
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For which patient condition are inhaled steroids NOT indicated?
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Which patient education point is critical for someone taking maintenance medication for asthma?
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Which of the following indicates effective treatment in a patient receiving therapy for asthma?
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After administering inhaled steroids, what adverse reaction should a nurse monitor for?
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What is the recommended action if a patient is prescribed Slow Release (SR) tablets?
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Which of the following side effects is least likely to occur with the use of sympathomimetic bronchodilators?
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What is a key consideration for patients using inhaled anticholinergic drugs?
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Which of the following patient teaching points is important for the use of sympathomimetic bronchodilators?
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What adverse reaction might indicate a hypersensitivity to inhaled anticholinergic drugs?
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Which of the following is a primary benefit of using non-catecholamine sympathomimetic agents?
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What symptom is commonly associated with tapering off sympathomimetic bronchodilators?
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Which grouping of medications is considered a type of phosphodiesterase inhibitor?
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Which symptom is an indicator of potential side effects of respiratory drugs on the nervous system?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Drugs
- Side effects of respiratory drugs include cardiac, nervous system, and GI symptoms.
- Sympathomimetic bronchodilators relax bronchial smooth muscle, improving airflow.
- Adverse reactions to sympathomimetic bronchodilators include tachycardia, insomnia, arrhythmias, palpitations, nausea, restlessness, and anxiety.
- Patient teaching for sympathomimetic bronchodilators includes proper inhaler use, care, and maintenance.
- Parasympathetic blockers are indicated for bronchospasm caused by excessive parasympathetic influence on the bronchioles.
- Adverse reactions to parasympathetic blockers include dry mouth, nausea, and GI upset.
- Nursing considerations for parasympathetic blockers include caution in patients with glaucoma or urinary retention, assessment of breath sounds, and monitoring for hypersensitivity and overdose symptoms.
- Patient education for parasympathetic blockers includes not using alone against acute bronchospasm, correct inhaler use for powder-containing capsules, avoiding eye contact with MDI, and caution regarding mixing with Cromolyn.
- Phosphodieterase inhibitors (methylxanthine agents) are used as maintenance drugs for mild to moderate bronchospasm in asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis.
- Adverse reactions to phosphodieterase inhibitors include caffeine-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia.
- Nursing indications for phosphodieterase inhibitors include monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, and toxicity symptoms, as well as assessing breath sounds.
- Patient education for phosphodieterase inhibitors includes dosage adjustment for smokers, correct tablet administration, and around-the-clock dosing.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory respiratory drugs prevent airway inflammation, particularly effective in allergic asthmatic patients.
- Adverse reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory respiratory drugs are generally mild and rare, including irritated throat, dry mouth, cough, unpleasant taste, and headache.
- Nursing indications for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory respiratory drugs include recording asthma attack frequency and severity, and assessing breath sounds for reflex bronchospasm.
- Patient education for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory respiratory drugs includes correct capsule administration, understanding delay in results, rinsing mouth after administration, and using bronchodilator prior to Cromolyn.
- Inhaled steroids are indicated for asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, and chronic or acute inflammation.
- Severe exacerbations may require additional systemic steroids.
- Adverse reactions to inhaled steroids include oropharyngeal irritation, sore throat, sinusitis, and oral fungal infections.
- Nursing considerations for inhaled steroids include assessing for adverse effects, and educating patients about potential side effects and proper use.
- Patient education for inhaled steroids emphasizes the importance of spacer use to minimize oral fungal infections.
Respiratory Tract Drugs: General Information
- Common side effects include:
- Cardiac: Tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased blood pressure, palpitations
- Nervous System: Increased anxiety, disorientation, restlessness, dizziness, headache
- GI: Nausea, vomiting
Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators
- Relax bronchial smooth muscle, reducing airway resistance and improving airflow.
- Non-catecholamine sympathomimetic agents tend to be longer lasting and have less severe side effects.
- Examples: Albuterol, Metaproterenol sulfate, Terbutaline, Salmeterol, Combivent (albuterol/ipratropium)
Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators: Adverse Reactions
- Common: Tachycardia, insomnia, arrhythmias, palpitations, nausea, restlessness, anxiety
Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators: Patient Teaching
- Instruct patient on proper use, care, and maintenance of the inhaler.
- Emphasize slow inhalation and holding the breath for as long as possible.
- Stress the importance of cleaning the inhaler to avoid infection (rinse mouthpiece and spacer after each use).
Parasympathetic Blockers
- Reduce parasympathetic nervous system activity on bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation.
- Examples: Ipratropine, Tiotropium
Parasympathetic Blockers: Adverse Reactions
- Common: Dry mouth, nausea, GI upset, cough
Parasympathetic Blockers: Nursing Considerations
- Use with caution in patients with glaucoma or urinary retention.
- Assess breath sounds for wheezing or other adventitious sounds.
- Check for hypersensitivity and overdose symptoms (cough, headache, GI upset, irritated throat, tachycardia, or tremor).
Parasympathetic Blockers: Patient Education
- Instruct patient not to use this drug alone for acute bronchospasm, but to administer with sympathomimetic bronchodilators.
- If using a powder-containing capsule, instruct patient not to swallow the capsule.
- Warn patient not to spray MDI into the eyes.
- Caution patient against mixing with Cromolyn to prevent precipitate.
Phosphodieterase Inhibitors (Methylxanthine Agents)
- Used for maintenance in patients with asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis to control mild to moderate bronchospasm.
- Examples: Theophylline derivatives, Singulair
Phosphodieterase Inhibitors: Adverse Reactions
- Common: Caffeine-like symptoms (nervousness, insomnia, jitteriness, headache, frequent urination, palpitations)
- Higher serum levels may lead to more severe adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, tachycardia).
Phosphodieterase Inhibitors: Nursing Indications
- Monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
- Monitor for toxicity (nausea, insomnia, seizures, restlessness).
- Assess breath sounds for decreased wheezing and improved aeration.
Phosphodieterase Inhibitors: Patient Education
- Advise patients that smoking may require dosage adjustments.
- Instruct patients not to crush SR tablets, as this will release the full dose immediately.
- Instruct patients to take the drug around the clock as ordered.
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Respiratory Drugs
- Prevent airway inflammation.
- Particularly effective for allergic asthmatic patients.
- Reduce both the frequency and intensity of asthma attacks.
- Example: Cromolyn Sodium
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Respiratory Drugs: Adverse Reactions
- Common: Irritated throat, dry mouth, cough, unpleasant taste, headache.
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Respiratory Drugs: Nursing Indications
- Record frequency and severity of asthma attacks.
- Assess breath sounds and for reflex bronchospasm after treatment.
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Respiratory Drugs: Patient Education
- Instruct patient not to swallow capsules.
- Advise patient that the drug may take 2-4 weeks to produce results.
- Tell patient to rinse mouth after administration.
- Advise patient to use a bronchodilator prior to Cromolyn to maximize its inhalation.
Inhaled Steroids
- Indicated for patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, or lung disease characterized by chronic or acute inflammation.
- Not useful in acute exacerbations of asthma, and may aggravate symptoms.
- Not bronchodilators and are ineffective against acute bronchospasm.
- Severe exacerbations of asthma or COPD may require additional dosing with systemically administered steroids.
- Examples: Advair diskus, Budesonide, Fluticasone
Inhaled Steroids: Adverse Reactions
- Common: Oropharyngeal irritation, sore throat, sinusitis, oral fungal infections.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to respiratory tract drugs, focusing on their side effects, mechanisms, and nursing considerations. It highlights the use of sympathomimetic bronchodilators and parasympathetic blockers, including proper patient education and potential adverse reactions. Test your understanding of these essential pharmacological interventions.
