Drugs and Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bronchodilators?

  • To stimulate respiratory secretions
  • To relax bronchial smooth muscle (correct)
  • To liquefy bronchial mucus
  • To decrease mucosal edema

Which of the following is NOT a cause of asthma attacks?

  • Low humidity environments (correct)
  • Allergy to foreign proteins
  • Exercise in cold weather
  • Irritants like dust and pollutants

Ciliary depression affects the respiratory system by:

  • Impeding mucus clearance (correct)
  • Increasing production of bronchial mucus
  • Strengthening the cilia's movement
  • Enhancing clearance of pathogens

What is a common effect of expectorants on respiratory secretions?

<p>They stimulate respiratory secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes xanthines?

<p>A type of bronchodilator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is mucus build-up likely to occur due to ciliary depression?

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do corticosteroids primarily function in treating respiratory issues?

<p>By reducing inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves shortness of breath and wheezing due to bronchiolar constriction?

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Alpha 1 receptors in the body?

<p>Constricting blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are Alpha 2 receptors primarily located?

<p>Adrenergic terminals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor is associated with the heart and kidneys?

<p>Beta 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a location for Alpha 1 receptors?

<p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Alpha 2 receptors is correct?

<p>They inhibit norepinephrine release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one immediate effect of histamine in the respiratory tract?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do eosinophils play in asthma when recruited by ECF-A?

<p>Contributing to chronic inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of leukotrienes being released in the respiratory tract?

<p>Prolonged bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does histamine contribute specifically to acute asthma symptoms?

<p>By causing airway mucosal swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the recruitment of eosinophils during allergic responses?

<p>Eosinophilic Chemotactic Factor of Anaphylaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of SRS-A on airway tissues?

<p>Promotes swelling of airway lining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of leukotriene action?

<p>Decreased airway resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of the actions of ECF-A and eosinophils in asthma?

<p>Sustained inflammatory reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of patients referred to as 'Pink Puffers'?

<p>Thinner with a puffed appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the treatment goals for patients with COPD?

<p>Decrease or abolish dyspnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of quick-relief medicines for shortness of breath?

<p>To provide immediate relief from sudden shortness of breath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the irreversible lung damage seen in emphysema?

<p>Smoking and hereditary factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA)?

<p>Salbutamol - Ventolin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the bluish discoloration of skin seen as cyanosis?

<p>Lack of O2 and increased CO2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do patients with emphysema struggle with air expiration?

<p>Destruction of alveoli and loss of elasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of action for the long-acting beta-2 agonist Formoterol?

<p>12 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total energy do patients with emphysema expend just to breathe?

<p>15-20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which xanthine derivatives induce bronchodilation?

<p>Inhibition of phosphodiesterase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of medication is Ipratropium classified under?

<p>Short-acting muscarinic antagonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of active ingredients is found in Symbicort?

<p>Fluticasone + Formoterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chronic bronchitis is true?

<p>It is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are xanthine derivatives not commonly used for bronchodilation?

<p>They require higher doses to reach effective therapeutic levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic index of theophylline?

<p>10–20 µg/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the actions of Ipratropium and Albuterol complement each other in their combined use?

<p>Ipratropium blocks acetylcholine while Albuterol relaxes airway muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is often used as a treatment for COPD?

<p>Respiratory exercises and medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smoking affect the clearance of theophylline?

<p>It increases drug clearance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the duration of action for Spiriva?

<p>Spiriva lasts for 24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect can occur with high doses of theophylline?

<p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for combining medications in a combination therapy like Combivent?

<p>To address different pathways for bronchodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of beta 2 receptors in the context of bronchodilation?

<p>Promote relaxation of smooth muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with liver disease, what change occurs in the clearance of xanthine derivatives?

<p>Decreased clearance occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect do beta 1 receptors have?

<p>Increase heart rate and contraction strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bronchodilators

Drugs that relax bronchial smooth muscles, widening the airways and improving airflow.

Mucolytics

Drugs that thin out mucus in the bronchial tubes.

Corticosteroids

Synthetic substances used to treat inflammatory and allergic conditions, especially in the lungs.

Xanthines

Purine compounds, like caffeine and theophylline, often used as bronchodilators.

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Expectorants

Drugs that stimulate mucus production, helping to clear the airways.

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Asthma

An inflammatory respiratory condition marked by shortness of breath and wheezing due to airway constriction.

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Ciliary Depression

Reduced function of the tiny hairs (cilia) in the airways, hindering mucus removal.

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Bronchial Mucus

Secretions in the bronchial tubes; excessive buildup can cause breathing difficulties.

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Emphysema

Permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls, leading to difficulty expiring air.

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Pink puffers

Patients with emphysema who maintain oxygen levels despite breathing difficulties.

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COPD

Progressive lung disease with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

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Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of skin due to low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels.

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COPD goals of treatment

Improve quality of life; reduce difficulty breathing (dyspnea), impairment, disability; reduce exacerbations.

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Chronic Bronchitis

Type of COPD with persistent airway inflammation and mucus production.

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COPD Treatment

Includes respiratory exercises, oxygen therapy, and medications like bronchodilators and mucolytics.

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Alpha 1 Receptor

A type of adrenergic receptor found in vascular smooth muscle, the bladder, and the eye. When activated, it causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and contraction of certain muscles.

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Beta 1 Receptor

A type of adrenergic receptor primarily found in the heart and kidneys. It increases heart rate and contractility (force of contraction).

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Alpha 2 Receptor

A type of adrenergic receptor that primarily inhibits the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic terminals.

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Histamine's effect on airways

Histamine causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing airways), mucosal edema (swelling), and eosinophil infiltration (white blood cell recruitment), leading to immediate allergic responses and asthma symptoms.

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What does the term 'adrenergic' refer to?

Adrenergic refers to receptors and processes that are influenced by or related to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

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ECF-A's function

ECF-A (Eosinophilic Chemotactic Factor of Anaphylaxis) attracts eosinophils to the respiratory tract.

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What does 'vasoconstriction' mean?

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, which can increase blood pressure and reduce blood flow.

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Eosinophils in asthma

Eosinophils involved in late-phase allergic reactions, contribute to chronic asthma inflammation by releasing toxic proteins and enzymes that damage airway tissues.

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SRS-A composition

SRS-A (Slow-Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis) is mainly leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), potent bronchoconstrictors.

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Leukotriene effects on airways

Leukotrienes cause prolonged bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability (inflammation), and excess mucus secretion (blocking), leading to chronic airway issues.

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Bronchoconstriction

Narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult.

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Mucosal Edema

Swelling of the airway lining, further narrowing the airways.

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Eosinophil Infiltration

The recruitment of eosinophils (white blood cells) to the airways, which contributes to inflammation and tissue damage.

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Xanthine Derivatives

A type of medication that relaxes airway muscles by increasing the activity of cAMP. Examples include theophylline.

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Xanthine Mechanism

These drugs inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which normally breaks down cAMP. This breakdown inhibition leads to increased cAMP levels, causing bronchodilation.

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Narrow Therapeutic Index

A small difference between the effective dose and toxic dose. For Xanthines, a slight increase can lead to serious side effects.

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Variable Absorption

The amount of Xanthine absorbed by the body varies depending on factors affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

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Smokers and Xanthines

Smokers tend to clear theophylline faster, often requiring higher doses.

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Liver Disease and Xanthine

Patients with liver disease may have slower theophylline clearance, increasing toxicity risk.

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Short-Acting Beta 2 Agonists (SABA)

These bronchodilators act quickly to relax airway muscles, relieving shortness of breath. They provide temporary relief, usually lasting 4-6 hours. Examples include salbutamol (Ventolin) and terbutaline (Bricanyl).

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Long-Acting Beta 2 Agonists (LABA)

These bronchodilators provide longer-lasting relief, typically for 12 hours or more. They help prevent bronchospasm and improve lung function over an extended period. Examples include formoterol (Symbicort) and salmeterol (Advair Diskus).

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Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (SAMA)

These bronchodilators work by blocking the action of a chemical called acetylcholine, leading to relaxation of the airway muscles. They provide temporary relief, often lasting 4-6 hours. An example is ipratropium (Atrovent).

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Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMA)

These bronchodilators provide longer-lasting relief, typically for 12-24 hours. They help prevent bronchospasm and improve lung function over an extended period. Examples include tiotropium (Spiriva) and umeclidinium (Incruse).

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Combivent

Combivent is a combination medication containing ipratropium bromide (SAMA) and albuterol (SABA). It combines the effects of both a short-acting muscarinic antagonist and a short-acting beta-agonist to provide broader relief.

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Advair (Fluticasone + Formoterol)

Advair is a combination medication containing fluticasone (a corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory) and formoterol (LABA). It combines anti-inflammatory action with long-acting bronchodilation.

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Why combine different bronchodilator classes?

Combining different classes of bronchodilators, like SABA and SAMA, or LABA with a corticosteroid, allows for more comprehensive management of respiratory conditions. This approach targets different mechanisms within the airway, leading to improved symptom control and overall lung health.

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What is the purpose of combination therapy?

Combination therapy for respiratory conditions aims to provide a more comprehensive and effective response by targeting multiple aspects of airway function. This includes reducing inflammation, relaxing airway muscles, and preventing bronchospasm, leading to improved symptom control and reduced reliance on individual medications.

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Study Notes

Drugs and the Respiratory System

  • Bronchodilators are drugs that relax bronchial smooth muscles and dilate the lower respiratory passages, improving airflow.
  • Chemical mediators such as histamine, ECF-A, and SRS-A are involved in asthma.
  • Asthma is a respiratory disease characterized by bronchoconstriction and shortness of breath (dyspnea), wheezing.

Types of Respiratory Conditions

  • Asthma is an inflammatory condition of the respiratory system.
  • COPD is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, often caused by emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
  • Emphysema is a progressive lung disease destroying the alveolar sacs, leading to reduced gas exchange and difficulty breathing.
  • Chronic bronchitis is a respiratory condition due to chronic irritation, causing mucus hypersecretion and respiratory lining degeneration.
  • Asthma attacks can be caused by irritants, exercise, respiratory infections, or foreign protein allergies.

Chemical Mediators in Asthma

  • Prostaglandins are a series of chemical mediators released from body cells, often involved in disease processes.
  • Histamine interacts with tissues, mainly causing allergic symptoms.
  • ECF-A is an eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis released by mast cells and attracts eosinophils to injury sites.
  • SRS-A is a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, a prostaglandin derivative and a potent bronchoconstrictor in asthma.
  • Leukotrienes are formed from arachidonic acid and participates in inflammatory reactions, including acting as a slow-reacting substance in anaphylaxis.

Asthma Therapy

  • Aims to reduce or stop chemical mediators to treat the condition.
  • Common drugs include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, anti-allergics, and leukotriene receptor antagonists.

COPD Therapy

  • Drug therapy provides some relief (e.g., decreasing shortness of breath (dyspnea)), but cannot reverse the physical damage to the respiratory lining.
  • Goals include decreasing symptoms, improving quality of life, and reducing exacerbations.
  • Additional interventions include smoking cessation, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

Chronic Bronchitis

  • Commonly referred to as "blue bloaters" due to cyanosis (bluish discolouration of the skin).
  • Chronic irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract.
  • Mucoid secretions obstruct the airways.
  • Deficiency of oxygen (O2) and elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels lead to cyanosis.

Emphysema

  • Also known as "pink puffers" due to their thinner builds and ability to maintain oxygenation despite difficulty breathing.
  • Damage to the alveolar walls causes permanent enlargement of air sacs.
  • Lung tissue loses elasticity, resulting in difficulty exhaling.
  • Commonly attributed to smoking and hereditary factors.

Bronchodilators

  • Open the airways, making breathing easier.
  • Two main classes: Beta-2 agonists and Anticholinergics.

Other Therapies

  • Mucolytics, such as N-acetylcysteine, break down mucus in the bronchioles.
  • Expectorants, such as guaifenesin, encourage mucus production and expulsion to make cilia work effectively and alleviate cough.

Combination Therapies

  • Combining different classes of bronchodilators (e.g., beta-2 agonist plus anticholinergic) may provide better symptom control in chronic conditions.
  • Examples of combination therapies used include Combivent, Duaklir, Ultibro, Symbicort, and Advair.

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Drugs and the Respiratory System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on bronchodilators, asthma, and other respiratory conditions. This quiz covers key concepts related to the effects of chemical mediators and the types of respiratory diseases like COPD, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Enhance your understanding of the respiratory system and its related pharmacology.

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