Resource Management - Forestry
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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms related to oil spills with their descriptions:

Wildlife harm = Direct impact on animals and ecosystems Cleanup methods = Techniques used to remove oil from the environment Pollution dilution = A principle suggesting that spreading pollutants reduces their concentration Great Pacific Garbage Patch = A large area of ocean with a high concentration of plastic debris

Match the following forestry cutting methods with their descriptions:

Clear-cutting = Removing all trees in an area at once Selective cutting = Harvesting only certain trees based on specific criteria Shelterwood cutting = Cutting trees in phases to allow regeneration Contour cutting = Harvesting along the contour lines of the land

Match the following types of consumers with their definitions:

Herbivores = Organisms that eat plants Carnivores = Organisms that eat other animals Omnivores = Organisms that eat both plants and animals Secondary consumers = Organisms that eat primary consumers

Match the following components of a food web with their types:

<p>Trophic levels = Different levels in a food chain Producers = Organisms that produce their own food Consumers = Organisms that eat other organisms Decomposers = Organisms that break down dead material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of a decline in top carnivores with their corresponding outcomes:

<p>Population increase = Rise in the numbers of primary consumers Ecosystem imbalance = Disruption of food web dynamics Biodiversity loss = Reduction in species variety Prey overpopulation = Excessive growth of herbivores due to lack of predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemical pollutants with their primary sources:

<p>Sulfur dioxide = Burning of fossil fuels Nitrogen oxides = Transportation sources Carbon monoxide = Automobile emissions Lead = Industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the negative impacts of acid precipitation with their effects:

<p>Dissolving magnesium = Nutrient loss Dissolving calcium = Nutrient loss Increasing acidity = Water quality decline Eroding soil = Agricultural productivity loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the minerals that neutralize acid effects with their composition:

<p>Muscovite = Phyllosilicate mineral Smectite = Clay mineral Gypsum = Calcium sulfate Limestone = Calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the oil spill response methods with their applications:

<p>Dispersants = Ocean clean-up Booms = Containment barriers Skimmers = Recover oil from water Berms = Land spill containment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions with the types of ecological components:

<p>Biotic = Living components Abiotic = Non-living components Ecosystem = Living and non-living interactions Population = Group of organisms of the same species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ecological processes with their descriptions:

<p>Photosynthesis = Plants capture solar energy Decomposition = Breakdown of organic matter Predation = One organism eats another Competition = Organisms vie for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of organisms with their diets:

<p>Herbivores = Animals that eat only plants Carnivores = Animals that eat only meat Omnivores = Animals that eat both plants and meat Detritivores = Animals that feed on dead organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ecology terms with their meanings:

<p>Habitat = Where an organism lives Niche = Role of an organism in its environment Biodiversity = Variety of life in an area Ecosystem = Community plus its environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following natural resources with their examples:

<p>Oil = Fossil fuel Plants = Biomass Sunlight = Solar energy Water = Hydrosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the forestry cutting methods with their descriptions:

<p>Clearcutting = Removes all trees from an area Shelterwood cutting = Removes trees in phases Selective cutting = Harvests specific trees Clear cutting = Creates space for buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ecosystem services with their benefits:

<p>Water from rivers = Supports wildlife Wind energy = Provides electricity Wild blueberries = Improves soil quality Trees = Enhances air quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of succession with their definitions:

<p>Primary succession = Occurs on newly created land Secondary succession = Occurs after a disturbance Climax community = Stable ecosystem at maturity Disturbance = Event that disrupts ecosystem balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors that affect ecosystems with their classifications:

<p>Abiotic factors = Nonliving components Biotic factors = Living components Low abiotic factors = Early stages of succession Limited biotic factors = Initial growth conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the regions with their species richness:

<p>Tropical rainforests = High species richness Polar regions = Low species richness Desert regions = Low species richness Urban areas = Moderate species richness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the human activities to their environmental impact:

<p>Habitat destruction = Loss of biodiversity Pollution = Degrades ecosystem health Climate change = Alters species distribution Conservation efforts = Protects ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions in biodiversity:

<p>Species richness = Number of species in a region Extinction rate = Current rate of species loss Natural background rate = Normal extinction pace Biodiversity crisis = Rapid loss of species diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

<p>Biosphere = The global sum of all ecosystems Lithosphere = The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle Atmosphere = The envelope of gases surrounding the earth Hydrosphere = All of the water on the earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotic and abiotic features:

<p>Temperature = Abiotic feature Bacteria = Biotic feature Sunlight = Abiotic feature Dead leaves = Biotic feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of organisms with their descriptions:

<p>Producers = Organisms that produce their own food Herbivores = Animals that eat only plants Carnivores = Animals that eat only other animals Omnivores = Animals that eat both plants and other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecosystems with their examples:

<p>Backyard pond = An example of a freshwater ecosystem Tree = An example of a terrestrial ecosystem Schoolyard = An example of an urban ecosystem Vase of cut flowers = An example of a manipulated ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their functions in ecosystems:

<p>Photosynthesis = Converts solar energy into chemical energy Cellular respiration = Releases energy from food Decomposition = Breaks down dead organic matter Nutrient cycling = Moves nutrients through ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Earth's spheres with their characteristics:

<p>Lithosphere = Contains rocks and soil Atmosphere = Contains air and gases Hydrosphere = Contains all forms of water Biosphere = Contains all living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following human impacts with their effects on ecosystems:

<p>Pollution = Degrades ecosystem health Deforestation = Reduces biodiversity Urbanization = Alters natural habitats Climate change = Affects global weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy terms with their descriptions:

<p>Chemical energy = Energy stored in chemical bonds Solar energy = Energy from the sun Thermal energy = Energy related to temperature Kinetic energy = Energy of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forest harvesting methods with their descriptions:

<p>Clear cutting = Removal of all or most trees in a given area Shelterwood cutting = Harvesting mature trees in a series of cuts Selective cutting = Periodically harvesting selected trees only Ecological impact = Least impact on the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological concepts with their definitions:

<p>Ecological niche = Role and space an organism fills in an ecosystem Food chain = Linear sequence of energy transfer Food web = Complex network of interlinked food chains Trophic level = Position an organism occupies in a food chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following human influences on ecosystems with their effects:

<p>Water cycle = Increased runoff from urbanization Carbon cycle = Higher CO2 emissions from industry Nitrogen cycle = Fertilizer usage impacting soil quality Climate change = Rise in global temperatures affecting ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotic relationships with their definitions:

<p>Predation = One organism eats another Mutualism = Both species benefit from the interaction Parasitism = One organism benefits while harming another Commensalism = One organism benefits and the other is unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terrestrial biomes with their characteristics:

<p>Boreal forest = Characterized by conifers and harsh winters Deciduous forest = Trees that lose their leaves seasonally Grassland = Dominated by grasses with few trees Desert = Receives less than 250 mm of rainfall annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following abiotic factors with their ecosystem type:

<p>Temperature = Influential in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems Soil pH = Affects plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems Oxygen levels = Crucial for aquatic organisms' survival Light availability = Impacts photosynthesis in both ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbon sources with their descriptions:

<p>Fossil fuels = Burning releases carbon into the atmosphere Deforestation = Reduces carbon absorption by trees Respiration = Releases CO2 as organisms breathe Volcanic eruptions = Natural source of atmospheric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of climate change with their potential impacts:

<p>Increased rainfall = May lead to increased flooding Higher temperatures = Can cause habitat loss for species Drought conditions = Affects freshwater availability Ocean acidification = Impacts marine life health</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecosystem services with their examples:

<p>Provisioning service = Wild blueberries Regulating service = Water in a reservoir behind a dam Cultural service = Trees planted in a yard Supporting service = A river through a wilderness park</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of succession with their descriptions:

<p>Primary succession = Occurs on bare rock or sand Secondary succession = Occurs in previously vegetated areas Pioneer species = First organisms to colonize an area Climax community = Stable and self-sustaining community</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

<p>Species richness = Number of different species in a given area Invasive species = Introduced species that disrupt local ecosystems Biodiversity = Variety of life in a given habitat Ecological consequence = Impact of a species on an ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of pollution with their causes:

<p>Acid precipitation = Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides Eutrophication = Nutrient runoff from fertilizers Ozone depletion = Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Climate change = Greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following negative impacts of acid precipitation on ecosystems:

<p>Soil degradation = Loss of nutrient availability Acidification of water bodies = Harm to aquatic life Forest decline = Weakening of tree growth Increased vulnerability = Stress on wildlife populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reasons for species loss with their descriptions:

<p>Habitat destruction = Loss of natural environments due to human activity Pollution = Presence of harmful substances in the environment Climate change = Changes in temperature and weather affecting habitats Overexploitation = Unsustainable harvesting of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reasons why renewable resources are more valuable than non-renewable resources:

<p>Sustainability = Can be replenished naturally Availability = Often more abundant and widespread Economic value = Lower long-term costs Environmental impact = Less harm to ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods used to control invasive species:

<p>Mechanical control = Removing invasive species by hand or tools Biological control = Introducing natural predators or parasites Chemical control = Using pesticides to eliminate invasives Preventive measures = Policies to avoid introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Resource Management - Forestry

  • Approximately 60% of Canada's original forests have been harvested at least once.
  • Forest harvesting methods include:
    • Clear cutting: Removal of all or most trees in an area. Most economical and common (90% usage).
    • Shelterwood cutting: Harvesting mature trees in a series of two or more cuts, allowing regeneration under remaining trees.
    • Selective cutting: Periodically harvesting selected trees only. Least ecologically impactful, but most costly.
  • Following harvesting, soil nutrients are lost, and erosion increases.

Ecological Issues

  • Following tree harvesting, nutrients are lost from the soil, and erosion increases. This is a significant ecological issue affecting ecosystems.

Food Webs and Ecological Pyramids

  • Ecological niche: The role an organism plays in its environment. Includes its interaction with other organisms (predation/competition) and its relationship in the food web. Humans, other species, and examples.
  • Food chains vs. food webs: A food chain follows one path of energy and nutrient transfer; a food web is a more complex network of interconnected food chains.
  • Energy decreases moving up the trophic levels in an ecosystem's food chains and webs. Energy is lost to heat as it's transferred.
  • Carnivores are consumers that obtain energy from other consumers; they obtain energy and nutrients.
  • The trophic level of an ecosystem with the greatest biomass is often producers (plants). This is because they make their own food using energy from the sun.

Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems

  • The water cycle involves water entering and leaving the atmosphere; human actions influence water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles.
  • Carbon enters the atmosphere in various ways. Human activities significantly affect the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles in Earth's ecosystems.
  • Humans have several actions needed to slow climate change.
  • Climate change can impact the water cycle.
  • Nitrogen in dead organisms is released back into the soil through various biological processes.

Biotic and Abiotic Influences on Ecosystems

  • Tolerance range vs. optimal range: Tolerance is the range of conditions an organism can withstand; optimal ranges for a species are a more concentrated set of conditions or parameters that are best for the organism.
  • Abiotic factors important to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems include temperature, water, and sunlight.
  • Human actions can increase the carrying capacity of ecosystems, although this can have significant negative consequences on an ecosystem's long-term sustainability.
  • Examples of ecological interactions (predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism).

Major Terrestrial Ecosystems

  • Canada's terrestrial biomes, ordered from wettest to driest and warmest to coldest.
  • Boreal and deciduous forests and diversity of biomes; influencing factors involved in determining what type of biome occurs in a particular region.
  • Conifers are suited to harsh winters in the boreal forest because they are well adapted.

Aquatic Ecosystems

  • Differences between freshwater and marine ecosystems (differences in salinity and nutrient concentrations) and why most life is found in shallow waters.
  • Defining terms related to aquatic ecosystems is necessary to understanding ecological processes in these environments (watershed, coral reef, estuary, intertidal zone).

Non-native Species

  • Introduced species are sometimes invasive; most introduced species fail to survive or thrive in their new environment.
  • Reasons include lacking necessary resources and knowledge of the new environment, insufficient food resources, difficulties reproducing, etc.
  • Introducing invasive species may cause a disruption in food webs, a loss of biodiversity, and/or economic and health risks.
  • Three main ways to control invasive species: biological, chemical, and mechanical.

###Acid Precipitation (Pollution)

  • Two chemical pollutants primarily responsible for acid precipitation are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
  • Acid precipitation dissolves nutrients (like magnesium and calcium) in rocks.
  • Neutralizing chemical components in rocks are important.
  • Oil spills are harmful to wildlife.
  • Dispersants, booms, or skimmers can be used for the ocean, berms and trenches for land.
  • Diluting pollutants may reduce negative impacts.

Ecosystem

  • Ecosystem encompasses all living organisms interacting within a specific region, along with their non-living environment.
  • Ecosystem components include biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.
  • Biotic factors include organisms, their remnants, and byproducts (waste).
  • Abiotic factors include physical (e.g. temperature, water) and chemical (e.g. nutrients, minerals in soil) aspects of the environment.

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

  • Plants use photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy (sugars).
  • Plants store energy-rich substances.
  • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate; plants use both processes.
  • Food products contain high-energy products from photosynthesis.

Other notes

  • Multiple ecosystems can overlap or share boundaries.
  • Maintaining biodiversity is important for functioning ecosystems.

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Related Documents

Forestry Part 2 12.pdf - Resource Management PDF

Description

This quiz explores the various methods of forest harvesting and their ecological impacts, particularly in Canada. Understand the differences between clear cutting, shelterwood cutting, and selective cutting, as well as the implications for soil health and food webs.

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