Forestry Part 2 12.pdf - Resource Management PDF

# RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FORESTRY - Approximately 60% of the original forest in Canada has been cut at least once. - Forest harvesting methods fall into three categories: - **Clear cutting** - removal of all or most of the trees in a given area. - most economical and efficient....

# RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FORESTRY - Approximately 60% of the original forest in Canada has been cut at least once. - Forest harvesting methods fall into three categories: - **Clear cutting** - removal of all or most of the trees in a given area. - most economical and efficient. - most common (90% usage rate) - **Shelterwood cutting** - mature trees are harvested in a series of two or more cuts. - this permits regeneration under the shelter of the remaining trees. - **Selective cutting** - periodically harvesting selected trees only. - most costly but has the least ecological impact. # ECOLOGICAL ISSUES - Following tree harvesting, nutrients are lost from the soil, erosion increases. - Only one or two […]. # Food Webs and Ecological Pyramids 1. What is meant by the term "ecological niche"? Describe the ecological niche of humans and of two other species. 2. Explain the difference between food chains and food webs. 3. As you go up from one trophic level to the next, the amount of available energy decreases. Explain where the energy has gone. 4. What trophic level contains the greatest biomass in most ecosystems? Explain why this occurs. 5. What trophic levels are occupied by carnivores? Provide an example. # Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems 1. Describe the main pathways of the water cycle, including how water enters and leaves the atmosphere. 2. List the sources of carbon entering the atmosphere.. 3. In what ways do human activities influence the: a) water cycle b) carbon cycle? c) nitrogen cycle? 4. Name two human actions needed to slow climate change. 5. Describe some ways that climate change might influence the water cycle. 6. How is the nitrogen in dead organisms released back into the soil? # Biotic and Abiotic Influences on Ecosystems 1. Distinguish between tolerance range and optimal range. 2. List three abiotic factors important to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Explain. 3. How do human actions increase the carrying capacity of some ecosystems? 4. Give an example of the following: predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism. # Major Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Order Canada's terrestrial biomes from wettest to driest. Order them from warmest to coldest. 2. Is the boreal or deciduous forest more diverse? Explain why. 3. Which abiotic factors are most influential in determining what type of biome occurs in a particular region? 4. Explain why conifers are suited to harsh winters in the boreal forest. # Aquatic Ecosystems 1. What is the difference between freshwater and marine ecosystems? 2. Why do you think most life is found in shallow waters, rather in deep water? 3. Define: watershed, coral reef, estuary, intertidal zone. # Connections: ecosystems and sustainability Instead of memorizing all of the items in each list in the handout, just know any 3-4 items in each list. # There is air pressure but […]. - You will start to realize that the air pressure feels stronger when you are climbing a mountain. - The atmosphere is like the blanket. - It also protects us from the ultraviolet radiation of the sun. - Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. - During the day it’s 430 degrees and during the night it’s -180 degrees. - The desert actually gets cold during the night because there are no clouds. - **Eyjafjallajökull volcano** - The Gaia hypothesis - It is suggested that the Earth behaves like a living organism. - It can respond to changes in its environment and maintain a relatively constant internal conditions just like a living cell. - Thinking of the Earth as a […]. # The Great Pacific Garbage Patch […]. - An area in the North Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii and California, containing a high concentration of marine debris. - To help avoid these things people can reduce, reuse, and recycle. - I think there are more extinctions because of all the forest fires we cause. We also cause a lot of other damage like hunting. # Non-native species 1. Yes, introduced species are invasive because invasive species are species that were moved from where they came from to a different place by a human whether it is an accident or not. That is the same thing as introduced species because introduced species are introduced to the new place. 2. Most introduced species are not successful in their new environment because they do not know where to get food or how to live because they do not know the area. 3. If the invasive species can find an unoccupied niche or exploit resources more efficiently than native species, it has a higher chance of success. 4. Some possible consequences of introducing invasive species are biodiversity loss, food web disruption and economic impacts. 5. Some impacts of invasive species on human society are economic costs, health risks and management costs. 6. Three methods used to help control invasive species are biological control, chemical control and mechanical control. # Acid precipitation (pollution) 1. Two chemical pollutants primarily responsible for acid precipitation are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. - The main sources of sulfur dioxide are the burning of fossil fuels. - For nitrogen oxides it is transportation sources. 2. Some negative impacts of acid precipitation on ecosystems are that they dissolve nutrients such as magnesium and calcium. 3. The minerals found in rocks that can neutralize the effect of acid are muscovite, smectite, and gypsum. 4. Oil spills are harmful to wildlife because chemical constituents are poisonous. 5. Dispersants, booms and skimmers can be used for the ocean and for the land you can use Berms and trenches to contain the spill. 6. Adding water (diluting) and decreasing the concentration of a pollutant was thought to reduce negative impacts on the environment. I think it is a good solution because it works. # Ecosystem: […]. - All of the living organisms that share a region and interact with each other and their non-living environment. - The ecosystem consists of living and non living components. - **Biotic**: living things, their remains and features. - (organisms, their remains, and their products or wastes) - **Abiotic**: Non-living physical and chemical […]. # ACROSS: - [4] Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy found in food. - [6] Is when one organism benefits, and the other is harmed. - [13] Made up of all the populations in an ecosystem. - [15] Energy pyramids are normally small at the top and wide at the […]. - [16] The process where plants capture energy from the Sun. - [19] Consists of all the water on, above and below the Earth's surface. - [20] Animals that eat only plants. - [23] Animals that feed on the remains of other organisms. - [24] The biome found in Canada that has a lot of coniferous (evergreen) trees. - [25] Biotic: […]. - [28] This gas makes up most of our atmosphere. - [29] Carrying […]. - [30] A large geographical region defined by the climate it has. - **DOWN:** - [1] A food […]. - [2] An area of land through which all water drains into a single river or lake. - [3] The ability to maintain an ecological balance. - [5] Animals that eat only meat. - [7] The layer of gases on Earth that helps block the Sun's harmful UV rays. - [8] Is when two organisms interact, with both benefiting. - [9] Moving up food chains, energy is constantly […]. - [10] Food […]. - [11] The rocky outer shell of the Earth. - [12] Is when one organism benefits, and the other neither benefits or is harmed. - [14] The biome found in Canada that is the north of all of the other biomes. - [17] Producers are found on the first […]. - [18] Organisms found at the bottom of food chains. - [21] Animals that eat both plants and other animals. - [22] - [26] A […]. - [27] The water […]. # ECOLOGY CHAPTER 2 - **Life on Planet Earth** - [1] In what way does the presence of an atmosphere enhance conditions for life on Earth's surface? - [2] Define each of the following terms: lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. - [3] Describe the ways in which Earth's "spheres" overlap each other. - [4] If Earth is so large, why do scientists consider the biosphere to be fragile? Explain. - [5] What surprised you most about the physical makeup of Earth's spheres and the relationships among them? - [6] Summarize what is meant by the "Gaia Hypothesis". - **Introducing Ecosystems** - [1] Classify each of the following as either biotic or abiotic features: temperature, bacteria, wind, sunlight, dead leaves, mosquitos, sand, milk, hair, ice, plastic, empty snail shell. - [2] Does a community include abiotic features? Explain. - [3] Which of the following are considered to be an ecosystem? Backyard pond, tree, all the cats in your neighbourhood, schoolyard, vase of cut flowers, potted plant, digestive system. - [4] "Human activities change only the biotic features of an ecosystem". Is this statement true or false? Explain why or why not. - [5] Would you consider a large city to be a population or a community? Explain your choice. - [6] In your day-to-day life, do you wonder about whether or not your actions are sustainable? Why is sustainability important in nature? Explain. - **Energy Flow in Ecosystems** - [1] How much energy reaching Earth is absorbed and converted to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis? Where does the other energy go? (You may have to look in your textbook). - [2] What energy-rich substance is produced by green plants during photosynthesis? - [3] Explain how you know plants contain energy-rich substances. - [4] How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? What process(es) do plants use? And animals? - [5] List five foods that contain high-energy products of photosynthesis. # The Great Pacific Garbage Patch […]. - An area in the North Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii and California, containing a high concentration of marine debris. - To help avoid these things people can reduce, reuse, and recycle. # Resource Management - [1] Oil, plants, sunlight, and water are major natural resources. - [2] Clearcutting, shelterwood and selection systems are some forestry cutting methods. - [3] Forest harvesting methods are clearcutting, shelterwood cutting, and selective cutting. - [4] Clear cutting produced this change because clear cutting gets rid of all the forests and makes a lot of space for buildings to be built. # Eva [last name?](Ecology chapter 3) - **Services from natural ecosystems** - [1] The river through a wilderness park provides animals and organisms with water. Water in a reservoir behind a dam can prevent floods. Wind helps mechanical energy or electricity. Wild blueberries help improve the soil and keep the carbon soil store. Trees planted in a yard can improve the quality of the air. - [2] Human health and survival depend on the ecosystem's products like air and water. For example, humans cannot survive without air for 3-5 minutes and you cannot live without water for more than around 3 days. - [3] Renewable services are more valuable than non-renewable services because they can help reduce the damage done to the environment. It also generates renewable energy and creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels. - **Equilibrium and Change** - [1] An ecosystem being in equilibrium is the balance of living and nonliving things that keeps the ecosystem in stability. - [2] Primary succession is when a new patch of land is created, and secondary succession is when a climax community is impacted by a disturbance. - [3] Secondary succession is more common than primary succession because the platform was already there. - [4] Abiotic factors are relatively low. Biotic factors are limited in the early stages. - [5] My own experience of secondary succession is when I put way too much water in my plant, and it died but then it re grew. - [6] Succession over sand or bare rock happens at a slower rate because it requires certain conditions in order to grow plants. - **Biodiversity** - [1] Species richness means the number of species within a defined region. - [2] Tropical rainforests have high species richness and polar and desert regions have a low species richness. - [3] Scientists are concerned about species loss because the current rate of extinction is much higher than the natural background rate. - [4] Some human activities that contribute to species extinction include habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. I think the activities we do can be justified because some of the activities we do are hard to not do like, for example habitat destruction. We need to destroy the forests and trees to make houses for us to live in. # ECOLOGY CHAPTER 3 - **3.1 Services from Natural Ecosystems** - [1] Identify the ecosystem service(s) that each of the following performs: a river though a wilderness park, water in a reservoir behind a dam, wind, wild blueberries, trees planted in a yard. - [2] Using two examples, explain how your health is influenced by ecosystem services. - [3] Provide reasons why a renewable service is more valuable than a non-renewable service. - **3.2 Equilibrium and Change** - [1] Explain what it means when we describe e an ecosystem as being in equilibrium. - [2] Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. - [3] Explain which type of succession occurs most often and why. - [4] Describe how biotic and abiotic conditions change during secondary succession. - [5] From your own experiences, give an example of secondary succession. - [6] Why is succession slower on sand or bare rock than on previously vegetated soil exposed to fire? - **3.3 Biodiversity** - [1] Explain what is meant by the term "species richness". - [2] What ecosystems would you expect to have high species richness and low species richness? Explain your reasoning. - [3] Why are scientists concerned about species loss if extinction is a natural process? - [4] a) List some of the main human activities that contribute to species extinction. b) Do you think such activities can be justified? - [5] Suggest reasons for the acceleration in extinction rates in recent decades. - **3.5 Non-native species** - [1] Are all introduced species invasive? Explain using examples. - [2] Explain why most introduced species are not successful in their new environment. - [3] How does the success of an invasive species depend on its placement in its new food web? Explain. - [4] List and briefly outline the possible ecological consequences of introducing an invasive species. - [5] Describe the impacts of invasive species on human society. - [6] Describe three methods used to help control invasive species. # 3.6 Acid Precipitation (pollution) - [1] Name two chemical pollutants that are responsible for acid precipitation. What are their main sources? - [2] Describe some negative impacts of acid precipitation on ecosystems. - [3] What minerals, found in rock formations, are able to neutralize the effects of acid? (refer to textbook). - [4] Explain how oil spills directly harm wildlife. - [5] List several methods that can be used to help clean up an oil spill.. - [6] "The solution to pollution is dilution". a) What does this mean in relation to pollution control? b) Is it a good solution? Explain your answer. - [7] What is the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch"? What can people do to help avoid these things from happening? # 3.7 Resource Management - [1] Identify the major natural resources derived from natural ecosystems. - [2] Describe and compare three common forestry cutting methods. - [3] In what ways do humans manage forest ecosystems? Explain. - [4] Most Ontario students have grown up in a place that was once a forested region but is no longer. What method of forestry practice produced this change? # ECOLOGY ASSIGNMENT Food Webs - **NAME:** Ezras Norville - Observe the food web shown here to answer the questions below. Marks that each question is worth is shown in brackets at the end of each question. Type in your answer right into this document. - [1] How long is the longest food chain found in this food web? That is, how many trophic levels are there in this single chain? - [2] How many omnivores are present in the food web? - [3] How many herbivores are present? - [4] How many secondary consumers are present? - [5] Name the organisms that are found on the second trophic level in this food web. - [6] a) Which organism has the most connections to other organisms (arrows in, and arrows out)? b) Does this answer surprise you? Explain why. - [7] Name the top carnivore(s). - [8] Suppose the wolves got a disease and died out. List the organisms that will be directly affected by this, and in what way will they be affected? - [9] In your own words, explain what is meant by the term "food web".