Science & Statistics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of learning in the research methods and statistics tutorials?

  • Mastering statistical calculations
  • Reading all the recommended resources
  • Memorizing mathematical formulas and symbols
  • Understanding the logic behind the concepts (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the recommended resources?

  • To provide reading materials for the lecture
  • To illustrate the concepts taught (correct)
  • To calculate power and effect size
  • To assess students' understanding

    • What is the significance of the chapter on Power and Measure of effect size?

  • It provides a concise introduction to research methods
  • It is a required reading for the assessment
  • It is only relevant to advanced statistics
  • It is a difficult concept to understand, so the chapter is very useful (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the reading list?

    <p>To recommend additional resources for practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the tutorial materials from Statistical Reasoning and Research Designs?

    <p>They are additional resources for understanding the concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the resource 'The Skeptic’s Dictionary'?

    <p>To look up logical fallacies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the video 'The Ascent of Man' by Jacob Bronowski?

    <p>It is a recommended resource for lecture 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not allowed in the usage of the lesson notes and lesson content?

    <p>Reproducing for profit or personal gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between pseudoscience and science?

    <p>Pseudoscience seduces people with certainties, while science offers probabilistic conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest misunderstanding about science?

    <p>That it arises from the collection of knowledge and expert scientists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the logical fallacy committed when someone believes something is true because an expert said it?

    <p>Appeal to authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the logical fallacy committed when someone disagrees with an idea by attacking the person rather than the evidence?

    <p>Ad hominem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal approach to science?

    <p>To consider all statements and theories as open to criticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the logical fallacy committed when someone believes something is true because it has been known for a long time?

    <p>Argument from antiquity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a psychologist with well-developed professional integrity?

    <p>To avoid pseudoscience and help clients with harmful beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical behavior of first-year university students?

    <p>They assume the lecturer is an expert and rarely question their statements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of operationalizing a construct?

    <p>To observe and measure the construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is an operational definition not equivalent to a construct?

    <p>Because a construct can never be directly measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of a true experiment?

    <p>All independent variables of interest are controlled and randomly allocated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of random allocation in a true experiment?

    <p>To ensure that all variations between groups cancel out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of self-report measures in Psychology research?

    <p>People being dishonest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of quasi-experiments?

    <p>They involve pre-existing groups with confounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a well-hidden social desirability scale help solve in self-report measures?

    <p>Honesty issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded from a true experiment if a difference is found in the dependent variable?

    <p>The difference is due to the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to critique research based on operationalization?

    <p>To question the way constructs were operationalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is random selection irrelevant to classifying research designs?

    <p>Because it is not related to control over variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using internet data in Psychology research?

    <p>Advancing understanding of human behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment?

    <p>The ability to control and randomly allocate independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between conceptual and operational definitions?

    <p>Conceptual is theoretical, operational is practical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are quasi-experiments commonly used in many fields of Psychology?

    <p>Because they are often the only feasible option.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of having a conceptual definition?

    <p>To theoretically consider the construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of empathising with prior scientific understandings?

    <p>To realise that our current understanding is also incomplete and will be improved upon in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of correlational studies?

    <p>Lack of control over independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the high school and university approaches to science?

    <p>The emphasis on authority and fixed knowledge in high school versus a more critical approach in university</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main lesson that students should learn from the university approach to science?

    <p>That science is about understanding the process of criticising and evaluating evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the university approach to science emphasize?

    <p>The process of obtaining, reporting, evaluating, and criticizing knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the PSYC1001 assignment?

    <p>It is a way to assess students' ability to evaluate and critique research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of empathising with prior scientific understandings?

    <p>A greater appreciation for the complexity of scientific knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of the university approach to science?

    <p>A lack of authority and a focus on the process of obtaining knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of learning how to evaluate and critique scientific knowledge?

    <p>It enables students to contribute to society more meaningfully after graduation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Study Notes

    Important Concepts

    • Focus on understanding the logic behind the concepts, not just mathematical formulas and symbols
    • Questions within the modules and quizzes guide the level of understanding required
    • Book chapter: Research Methods in Psychology (or any research methods/statistics chapter or appendix in an introductory psychology textbook)
    • Book chapter: Power and Measure of effect size
    • Tutorial materials: Statistical Reasoning, Research Designs
    • Jacob Bronowski: "The Ascent of Man" (Episode 11: Knowledge and Certainty)
    • Robert T. Carroll: The Skeptic's Dictionary (online)

    Understanding Science

    • Science is not about collecting knowledge or relying on expert opinions
    • Science is about the process of criticizing and evaluating evidence, and proposing and testing alternative explanations
    • Logical fallacies to avoid: appeal to authority, ad hominem, argument from antiquity

    Operationalizing Constructs

    • Operational definition: finding a way to observe a construct, depending on the research question and resources
    • Conceptual definition: a theoretical consideration of a construct, but it cannot be measured directly
    • Critiquing research: evaluate how the construct was operationalized and whether there were better ways to measure it

    Research Designs

    • True experiment: all independent variables are controlled and randomly allocated, allowing for strong causal inference
    • Quasi-experiment: at least one key variable cannot be randomly allocated, making causal inference weaker
    • Correlational study: no random allocation or control over variables, making it difficult to infer causality

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    Science and Statistics Guide 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz assesses understanding of research methods and statistical concepts in psychology, focusing on logic and application rather than mathematical formulas.

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