Research Methodology Introduction

Research Methodology Introduction

• Research is defined as the systematic gathering of data to answer questions and solve problems.
• Research can address theoretical questions within a discipline, or practical questions relevant to society.
• Validity is the success of a method in accurately assessing what it intends to measure.
• Reliability refers to the consistency and dependability of a method. Four types of validity are: face validity, content validity, predictive validity and construct validity.
• Research is a systematic investigation aiming to acquire new knowledge.
• Research objectives can be classified as academic or practical.
• Observation, data collection (primary and secondary) are crucial components of research.

Objectives of Research

• Research aims to discover answers to questions through applications of scientific procedures.
• Academic objectives focus on expanding knowledge within a specific discipline.
• Practical objectives aim to improve real-world issues or solve problems.
• Observation is a fundamental research element, enabling deeper understanding and decision-making.

Motivations in Research

• Intellectual curiosity drives researchers to discover the unknown.
• Researchers seek solutions to problems in various societal areas (e.g. health, technology).
• Career advancement can motivate researchers to pursue further knowledge and recognition.

Types of Research

• Basic research focuses on fundamental principles and theories.
• Applied research seeks practical solutions to problems.
• Descriptive research documents characteristics and patterns without manipulation.
• Exploratory research investigates areas with minimal existing information.
• Explanatory research investigates cause-and-effect relationships.
• Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative research explores phenomena through interviews, observations, or similar approaches.

Research Approaches

• Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical methods (e.g., surveys, experiments).
• Qualitative research explores non-numerical concepts and experiences (e.g., interviews, ethnography)
• Mixed-methods research combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Significance of Research

• Research advances knowledge in various fields.
• Research solves problems and improves various aspects of society.
• Research supports informed policy decisions.
• Research drives innovation and technological advancement.
• Research builds expertise and skill sets of researchers.

Research Methods v/s Methodology

• Research methods are specific techniques used for data collection and analysis (experiments, surveys).
• Research methodology is the overarching strategy and rationale behind the research design and methods (explaining why certain methods were chosen).

Research Process

• Research starts with a clear statement of objectives and a hypothesis.
• A research design provides detailed guidelines for the research process.
• Researchers collect, analyze, and interpret data.
• The research process involves a series of actions to effectively perform research.

Criteria of Good Research

• Clarity and focus, ensuring objectives are well-defined.
• Reliability, demonstrating that the methods are consistent and replicable.
• Validity, ensuring the research accurately measures what it intends to measure.
• Originality, presenting new insights or perspectives.
• Ethical considerations, ensuring the study is conducted ethically and with appropriate considerations for people, data or the environment.