Measures of Association & Validity
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Questions and Answers

What does an odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 signify in terms of the risk of developing an event?

  • There is no difference in the occurrence of the event between the groups.
  • The event occurs equally in both groups.
  • The event is less likely to occur in the exposed group.
  • The event is more likely to occur in the exposed group. (correct)

    • In studying the prevalence of periodontal disease, which measure of association is preferred when the outcome is relatively frequent?

  • Prevalence Ratio (PR) (correct)
  • Odds Ratio (OR)
  • Risk Difference (RD)
  • Relative Risk (RR)

    • Using the formula for odds ratio, what does 'ad / bc' represent?

  • The overall incidence of disease in the population.
  • The ratio of affected to non-affected in both groups. (correct)
  • The ratio of non-exposed and non-affected groups.
  • The proportion of individuals exposed in each group.

    • What is the implication of the odds ratio being calculated as 5.4 in the context of smokers developing periodontal disease?

    <p>The chance of developing the disease is 5.4 times higher in smokers than in non-smokers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design is typically not associated with calculating an odds ratio?

    <p>Randomized Clinical Trial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for ensuring internal validity in a study?

    <p>Ensuring group comparability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of validity in a study?

    <p>The ability to measure what the study intends to measure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily related to external validity?

    <p>Ability to draw inferences from the sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity addresses the correctness of results for a specific group in a study?

    <p>Internal validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does external validity primarily assess?

    <p>The applicability of results to a larger population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge faced by randomized clinical trials in terms of validity?

    <p>High internal validity but low external validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could threaten the internal validity of a study?

    <p>Systematic errors or bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is generalizability important in epidemiological studies?

    <p>It allows findings to apply to a broader population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about reliability is true?

    <p>It involves repeatability of study results under the same parameters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External validity pertains to which of the following?

    <p>The generalizability of study results beyond the sample. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does external validity take into account when evaluating study findings?

    <p>Sample selection criteria and inference possibilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component necessary for internal validity?

    <p>Random sampling of the population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can internal validity be improved in a study?

    <p>By minimizing systematic errors through careful design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical limitation of most randomized clinical trials in terms of external validity?

    <p>They are mostly conducted in high-income countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a reliable study guarantee?

    <p>It will always produce the same results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiological studies, internal and external validity should ideally be:

    <p>Maximized simultaneously with equal focus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Measures of Association & Validity

    • Measures of association evaluate the relationship between exposures (risk factors) and outcomes (disease).

    • Validity refers to the accuracy of a study or instrument in measuring what it intends to measure.

    • Reliability is the consistency and repeatability of a study or instrument.

    Validity and Reliability

    • A reliable and valid study produces consistent results that accurately measure the intended concept.

    • A valid, but not reliable, study consistently produces accurate data but might not offer the same results if repeated.

    • A reliable, but not valid study returns consistent results but these might not be accurate measures of the intended concept.

    Dimensions of Validity

    • Internal validity assesses whether the observed relationship within the study truly exists. It ensures the observed effect is due to variables within the study, not extraneous factors.

    • External validity assesses the generalizability of the study's results to a larger population beyond the study sample.

    Reliability

    • Reliable studies must produce similar results when repeated under identical conditions.

    Validity

    • Valid studies correctly address the question they aim to answer, measuring what they intend to measure.

    • A study is valid if results reflect the truth, meaning limited systematic and random error.

    • Epidemiological studies ideally should have both internal and external validity.

    Internal Validity

    • A study's internal validity is paramount; if the study is not internally valid, it cannot be of any use.

    • Internal validity refers to the confidence that the study's findings are genuine and not due to confounding variables.

    • Threats to internal validity include biases and systematic errors that can affect the relationships observed in the study.

    • Ensuring the comparability of groups and accuracy of measurement tools maintains internal validity.

    External Validity

    • External validity concerns the generalizability of findings to other populations and settings beyond the study's specific context.

    • External validity allows conclusions from a study to be applicable in different settings and groups of people similar to the ones in the study.

    • Ensuring comparable groups and the appropriate measurement tools strengthens external validity.

    Measures of Association

    • Epidemiological studies often aim to evaluate the association between exposures and outcomes.

    • Contingency tables are instrumental in calculating association measures.

    Types of epidemiological studies, measures of association

    • Randomized clinical trials (RCTs): Use of prevalence ratio.

    • Cohort studies: Use relative risk.

    • Case-control studies: Use of odds ratio.

    • Cross-sectional studies: Use of prevalence ratio or odds ratio (where prevalence is high).

    Calculation of measures in experimental studies

    • Calculation of relative risk (RR), absolute risk reduction (ARR), and number needed to treat (NNT) are essential aspects of interpreting experimental studies.

    • These measures aid in understanding the impact and effectiveness of an intervention.

    Types of studies and their measure applications

    • Cohort studies use relative risk (RR) calculations
    • Case-control studies use odds ratio (OR) calculations.
    • Cross-sectional studies use prevalence ratio (PR) calculations, or an odds ratio depending on the prevalence of the outcome.

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    Lecture 9 Association & Validity PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts of measures of association, validity, and reliability in research. Participants will learn how these concepts impact the accuracy and consistency of studies. Understanding internal and external validity will also be covered.

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