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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of conducting a study again with different samples or in different settings?
Which of the following is a threat to external validity?
What is the term for the tendency of participants to change their behavior because they know they are being studied?
What is the purpose of using inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?
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Which of the following is a threat to internal validity?
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What is the term for the consistency of a measure?
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What is the term for the accuracy of a measure?
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Which of the following is NOT a threat to external validity?
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What is the primary purpose of checking the consistency of results across time?
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What is the main difference between a reliable and a valid measurement?
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If a method is not reliable, what can be inferred about its validity?
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What type of reliability assesses the consistency of a measure across different researchers?
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What is an example of low reliability?
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What is the purpose of assessing the reliability of a measurement?
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What type of reliability assesses the consistency of a measure across different items?
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What is the relationship between reliability and validity?
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What should you do when devising questions or measures to improve internal consistency?
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Which type of reliability is relevant when measuring a property that is expected to stay the same over time?
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What is validity?
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What is internal validity?
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What is external validity?
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Which type of validity refers to whether the test appears to be suitable to its aims?
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What is content validity?
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What is criterion validity?
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What is the primary goal when formulating questions to improve test-retest reliability?
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How is inter-rater reliability typically measured?
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What is an example of a scenario where high inter-rater reliability is demonstrated?
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What is a key step in improving inter-rater reliability?
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What is the primary goal of internal consistency?
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What is an example of a scenario where internal consistency is low?
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What is a common method used to measure internal consistency?
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Why is it important to ensure that all researchers have the same information and training when measuring inter-rater reliability?
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What is the main threat to internal validity that occurs when participants are repeatedly tested using the same measures?
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What type of validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized to other situations, people, and settings?
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What is the term used to describe the statistical tendency for people who score extremely low or high on a test to score closer to the mean the next time?
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What is the primary purpose of using statistical methods to adjust for problems related to external validity?
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What is the main threat to internal validity that occurs when groups are not comparable at the beginning of the study?
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What is the term used to describe the process of making sure that participants experience the events of a study as a real event?
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What is the term used to describe the extent to which findings of a qualitative study can be generalized to other situations, people, and settings?
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What is the main threat to internal validity that occurs as a natural result of time, such as participants growing older or becoming tired?
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Study Notes
Reliability and Validity
- Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure, whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions
- Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure, whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure
Types of Reliability
- Test-retest reliability: consistency of a measure across time
- Inter-rater reliability: consistency of a measure across raters or observers
- Internal consistency: consistency of a measure across items or questions
Improving Reliability
- Formulate questions and statements to minimize external influences
- Ensure consistent testing conditions and minimize changes in participants over time
- Clearly define variables and methods for inter-rater reliability
- Use detailed, objective criteria for rating variables
- Ensure multiple researchers have the same information and training
Threats to External Validity
- Selection bias: sample not representative of the population
- History: unrelated events influence outcomes
- Experimenter effect: researchers unintentionally influence outcomes
- Hawthorne effect: participants change behavior due to being studied
- Testing effect: pre- or post-test affects outcomes
- Situation effect: setting, time of day, location, etc. limit generalizability
- Sample features: results influenced by specific sample characteristics
Validity
- Face validity: content of the test appears suitable for its aims
- Construct validity: test measures the concept it's intended to measure
- Content validity: test is fully representative of what it aims to measure
- Criterion validity: results correspond to a different test of the same thing
Ensuring Validity in Research
- Threats to internal validity: maturation, regression to the mean, testing, selection bias
- Threats to external validity: selection bias, history, experimenter effect, Hawthorne effect, testing effect, situation effect, sample features
- Use statistical methods to adjust for external validity problems
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Description
Learn about the importance of reliability and validity in measurements, and how to ensure accurate results in research and testing.