Research Methods and Design Quiz

The probability of observing the results or something more extreme if the null hypothesis is true.

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis, meaning you miss a real effect.

Using statistical methods to analyze numerical data.

Interpreting non-numerical data like text, images, or audio recordings. Researchers assign labels to data segments, grouping them thematically.

Recognizing the inherent dignity and worth of individuals, respecting their autonomy, and safeguarding those with limited autonomy.

Ensuring fairness and equity in the distribution of benefits and burdens of research.

An individual's right to control access to their personal information and be free from intrusion.

The researcher's obligation to protect information entrusted by participants.

A research design where data is collected at a single point in time.

A correlation simply indicates that two variables tend to change together, but it doesn't mean one causes the other.

A cause-and-effect relationship where one variable directly influences another.

A research design where data is collected over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and trends.

A study where participants are divided into subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics, and data is collected over time within each group.

A measure is reliable if it consistently produces similar results over different trials or observers.

A measure is valid if it accurately measures what it claims to measure.

A research design where researchers intentionally manipulate an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.

Checks the consistency of scores over time. (Same test, different occasions.)

A type of experimental study where participants are randomly assigned to an experimental group (receives the intervention) or a control group, allowing for stronger causal inferences.

Similar to RCTs but without random assignment of participants, making causal inferences less certain.

Measures how much different raters agree on their observations.

A study where a control group is absent or other key aspects are missing, making the evidence weaker.

Measures how consistently one rater scores the same thing over different trials.

The entire group of individuals to which the study aims to generalize its findings.

Focuses on whether a measure accurately represents the underlying concept it's supposed to measure.

The study of how we gain knowledge, differentiate valid knowledge, and justify beliefs.

The study of existence, the nature of reality, and the categories within it.

Different approaches to understanding reality and obtaining knowledge.

Focuses on objective, measurable observations, aiming to establish universal laws using quantitative methods.

Stresses understanding the subjective experiences and meanings individuals assign to their world, employing qualitative methods.

Emphasizes the practical applications and usefulness of research findings, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches based on the research question.

Starting with general principles and logically deriving specific conclusions. (e.g., If all dogs are mammals and Fido is a dog, then Fido is a mammal.)

Starting with specific observations and drawing broader conclusions. (e.g., Observing several barking dogs might lead to the conclusion that all dogs bark.)

An extraneous variable that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables, potentially distorting the relationship between them.

A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

The process of moving research findings into practice to improve health outcomes.

A technique used in qualitative research to ensure that the researcher's interpretations accurately reflect the participants' experiences and perspectives.

Manipulating data analysis procedures to achieve a desired p-value, often leading to false positive results.

A comprehensive and rigorous review of existing literature on a specific research question.

Using multiple data sources or methods to enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research findings.

Neither the researcher nor the participant knows which treatment the participant is receiving. This helps to reduce bias in research.

A way of understanding and integrating Indigenous and Western knowledge systems, emphasizing the value and validity of both.

Processing information from the senses upward to the brain, starting with basic features and building towards a complete perception.

Using prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret incoming sensory information.

Systematic errors in thinking that can influence how we interpret information, make decisions, and conduct research.

The tendency to favor information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs.

The tendency to process information in a way that protects our self-esteem or reinforces desired beliefs.

A challenge in replicating the findings of previously published research, highlighting the importance of rigorous research methods and transparency.

A fallacy that relies solely on authority figures without considering the evidence supporting their claims.