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Questions and Answers

What must hypotheses be for effective scientific research?

Logical and biased

Logical and vague

Logical and testable (correct)

Logical and inferences

Which step in the research process involves defining and measuring variables?

Defining & operationalising variables (correct)

Collect/analyse data

Evaluate theory

Finding a research question

What distinguishes the experimental method from the correlational method?

Correlational methods are more reliable

Experiments involve subjective measures

Experiments infer causality between variables (correct)

Correlational methods do not require hypotheses

Which is NOT a step in the research process?

Identifying an audience Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'empiricism' refer to in the context of scientific research?

Knowledge acquired through experience and observation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a refutable hypothesis?

Increasing study time improves grades Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of qualitative research methods?

They explore meanings and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between describing and explaining events?

Describing focuses on what is happening, explaining focuses on why it is happening Signup and view all the answers

What action is required when a researcher suspects that a child is at risk of significant harm?

Report the suspicion Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern was highlighted in the case of Dan Markingson?

Conflict of interest from the psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using clinical analogue samples in research?

They fulfill several criteria but may not be diagnosed Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows researchers to observe characteristics without direct interaction with the clinical population?

Indirect methods Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using placebo-control conditions in clinical trials?

Participants may receive no treatment at all Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of qualitative research?

To describe a specific context and allow for flexible accounts Signup and view all the answers

What does 'indexicality' refer to in the context of qualitative research?

The idea that research findings are situated within specific contexts Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is highlighted as a limitation of quantitative methods?

Testing existing theories in a rigid structure Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the idea that qualitative researchers consider their biases as valuable?

Reflexivity Signup and view all the answers

What does qualitative research acknowledge about its findings?

They are subject to change and open for modification Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the reliability of qualitative research?

Qualitative research is perfectly replicable Signup and view all the answers

Why is the failure to confirm a theory attributed differently in qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

Quantitative research assigns failure to the researcher rather than the theory Signup and view all the answers

What does 'inconcludability' imply in qualitative research?

The story being told is plausible but not definitive Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the stability of findings in qualitative research?

They are recognized as potentially unstable and contextual Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychological research, what is the purpose of qualitative methods?

To deeply understand human behavior and contexts Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a reflexivity statement in qualitative research?

To state the researcher’s personal standpoint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methodologies is NOT typically associated with qualitative data analysis?

Statistical regression Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'E' in the POEM framework refer to?

Epistemology Signup and view all the answers

Which research paradigm emphasizes a non-linear process and the emergence of theories as research progresses?

Interpretive paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of qualitative research that differentiates it from quantitative research?

It often involves subjective interpretation Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, which method is primarily used to gather in-depth insights from participants?

Focus groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes functional epistemology?

The researcher's perspective on what is represented as true Signup and view all the answers

What is a common critique of quantification in research according to anti-positivist paradigms?

It results in the loss of nuanced information. Signup and view all the answers

The ontological aspect of the POEM framework explores which of the following?

The nature of reality and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What do qualitative researchers often prioritize when conducting interviews?

Understanding participant experiences Signup and view all the answers

What type of study uses a quantitative screen to select participants for a qualitative study?

quant-QUAL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following populations is considered vulnerable to coercion and may have questionable capacity to consent?

Children and young people Signup and view all the answers

What was a major ethical issue with the Willowbrook Hepatitis experiments?

Parental consent was sought but did not mention risks Signup and view all the answers

In research involving children under 16, who is legally responsible for giving consent?

A parent or guardian Signup and view all the answers

For which age group can participants be considered 'mature young persons' under certain circumstances?

Ages 16-17 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a potential issue with the stuttering experiment conducted in the 1930s?

Debriefing was conducted after the study Signup and view all the answers

What approach should be taken to ensure confidentiality in research involving children?

Explain confidentiality in age-appropriate language Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a follow-up study type in a QUANT-qual approach?

Quantitatively testing a hypothesis before qualitative interviews Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended practice when collecting data from vulnerable populations?

Seek informed consent from a parent or guardian Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the QUAL-quant research approach?

Qualitative findings come first, followed by quantitative testing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Science

Science is based on empiricism, meaning we gain knowledge through experience and observation.
Theories must be tested in the real world through observation.
Critical appraisal involves logical and empirical analysis.

9-step research process

Finding a research question.
Developing a hypothesis from a theory.
Defining and operationalizing variables.
Identifying participants.
Selecting a research strategy.
Selecting a research design.
Collecting and analyzing data.
Testing hypotheses.
Evaluating the theory.

Hypotheses

Hypotheses should be logical, testable, and refutable.
They should be directional and propose a relationship between variables.

Research strategies

Correlational method describes events and relationships between variables.
Experimental method explains events and attempts to infer causality.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research aims to tell a plausible story rather than a complete one, acknowledging its provisional nature.
It emphasizes subjectivity as a resource rather than a problem.
It focuses on describing a specific context rather than formulating general rules.

Scientific Method

Quantitative methods focus on testing existing theories and replication of findings.
Qualitative methods contribute to new theory development and explore individuals' perspectives and experiences.

Qualitative Data Analysis Types

Case study
Grounded theory
Content analysis
Participant Observation
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Field study
Focus group research

Reflexivity Statement

Researchers should provide a reflexivity statement outlining their standpoint, beliefs, perspective, and interpretations.
This transparency helps readers understand the researcher's position.

Research Paradigms

Positivist, interpretive, constructionist, and critical paradigms each have different assumptions about reality, knowledge, and research methods.
They offer different approaches to understanding and investigating various phenomena.

Types of Interview Schedules

Quant-QUAL: A quantitative study is conducted first, followed by a qualitative study to gain deeper insights.
QUANT-qual: A quantitative study is primary, and a qualitative follow-up is conducted for additional understanding.
QUAL-quant: A qualitative study is conducted first, followed by a secondary quantitative study to test the findings' generalization.

Special Populations

Vulnerable populations are susceptible to coercion and may have diminished autonomy or questionable capacity to consent.
Examples include children, specific ethnic or minority groups, prisoners, and individuals with cognitive impairments or mental illnesses.

Ethical Issues

Researchers must address ethical concerns when studying vulnerable populations.
Issues include obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, respecting autonomy, and minimizing potential harm.
Ethical guidelines and regulations should be strictly adhered to.

Practical Considerations

Clinical analogue samples can be used instead of clinical samples to study clinical populations.
Methods to study clinical populations include interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, observation, direct vs. indirect research, identifiable vs. anonymous data collection, manipulation vs. no manipulation, self-report vs. other-report, and clinical trials.

Clinical Trial Comparison Conditions

Placebo control and waitlist control allow researchers to compare the effectiveness of treatments with a placebo or no treatment. They aim to control for nonspecific factors and minimize risk.
Active control compares the experimental treatment to other existing treatments, allowing determination of its relative superiority or tolerability.
Washout studies help differentiate symptoms related to a medication or withdrawal from a disorder by gradually reducing existing medication. They ensure minimal risks and rapid response to symptoms if necessary.

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