Research Methodology Essentials
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Questions and Answers

What is a critical essay primarily characterized by?

  • A subjective standpoint (correct)
  • An objective standpoint
  • A focus on quantitative data
  • The replication of research methods

    • Why is context important in research topics?

  • It influences the identification of primary and secondary data (correct)
  • It restricts the scope of the research question
  • It defines what methods can be used
  • It determines the reliability of data

    • What should researchers do after establishing a topic and claim?

  • Assess previous research through literature review (correct)
  • Automatically choose a quantitative method
  • Finalize their main argument
  • Jump to data collection immediately

    • What type of sources are typically required for historical and policy research?

    <p>Primary sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for concluding a research project effectively?

    <p>Confirming if the hypothesis was correct or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes systematic research?

    <p>It is guided by a pre-arranged method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of latent content analysis?

    <p>To uncover implied meanings within the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is crucial for defining a research problem in content analysis?

    <p>Having a clear claim regarding your topic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should researchers review the literature before conducting their study?

    <p>To see if their claim has already been addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption is associated with the exploration of social and cultural trends through content analysis?

    <p>A common language shapes our communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a suitable sampling strategy in research aim to achieve?

    <p>To ensure the sample is representative of the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When selecting a research method, what consideration should be taken into account?

    <p>Each method generates different kinds of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers consider when selecting the medium for their texts?

    <p>The claim may dictate the specific medium needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered minimal risk in research involving participants?

    <p>Probability and magnitude of harms that are lower than those faced in everyday life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle in ensuring participants' dignity?

    <p>Coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of survey research?

    <p>It enables the collection of data from a large number of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting ethical research, a researcher must NOT do which of the following?

    <p>Deceive recruits or participants to obtain valid data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is primarily focused on minimizing risks in research?

    <p>Assessing the magnitude and probability of potential harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes something that cannot be precisely measured or assessed?

    <p>Intangible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical research, what does the term justice refer to?

    <p>Fair distribution of risks and benefits among participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of obtaining informed consent from research participants?

    <p>To inform participants of risks and allow them to make a voluntary decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using survey research compared to focus groups?

    <p>Surveys allow for quicker contact with participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey research?

    <p>Data may be superficial and inconclusive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential ethical concern in conducting research?

    <p>Preventing any form of risk to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a good sample frame?

    <p>It is comprehensive and represents the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a researcher efficiently design a sample strategy?

    <p>By acquiring a list of the entire population and recruiting from it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'static data' refer to in survey research?

    <p>Data that provides a snapshot without historical context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the perspective gained from organizational studies?

    <p>A view of the organization from the employees' perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential method for creating a sample frame?

    <p>Creating a list from a common activity, medium, or location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low standard deviation indicate about a data set?

    <p>The data cluster closely around the mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes median in a data set?

    <p>It is the precise center of the ordered range of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bivariate analysis?

    <p>To describe the relationship between two distributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the coefficient of correlation indicate?

    <p>The strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'range' in a data set?

    <p>The complete array of observations from lowest to highest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a scatter plot, if the coefficient of correlation is negative, what does it imply?

    <p>As x increases, y decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a univariate analysis?

    <p>It focuses on a single variable or data set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mean is accurate?

    <p>It is the center of a weighted set of observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of observation research compared to interviews and focus groups?

    <p>It provides primary data that is more reliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes participant observation?

    <p>It combines the researcher's participation with observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of social formation does the functionalist study primarily examine?

    <p>The structure and functions of the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of observation research?

    <p>It may offer poor or idiosyncratic data due to sampling issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when drafting an interview guide?

    <p>The specific goals of the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core focus of interpretivist studies within social formations?

    <p>To understand cultural and ideological aspects of cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might time and cost be considered disadvantages of observation research?

    <p>Observational studies typically take a long time to complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In observation research, what is meant by 'learning components and operations from inside'?

    <p>Understanding procedures through direct involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is research defined as?

    <p>A set of perspectives and skills that are applied to questions or problems. A form of argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most published research is an argument.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three elements of the Toulmin Model?

    <p>Claim, data, and warrant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the follow is NOT a way a claim might be expressed?

    <p>Preconceived Idea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major assumption that underlies Bacon’s scientific method?

    <p>That truth itself exists or can be known by humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic format for scholarly research publications?

    <p>Review Essay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of data for historical and policy research?

    <p>Primary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five principles of research?

    <p>Systematic, disciplined, verifiable, cautious, and value-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a question that can be answered using the scientific method?

    <p>What is the meaning of life?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language is an invention that allows us to clearly and directly comprehend the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assumption underlying ‘value-free’ research?

    <p>Truth itself exists or can be known by humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The value-free argument suggests that researchers cannot dismiss their personal values because they affect research.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of the Bacon versus the language argument?

    <p>We can never claim to know absolute truths because the world has to be understood by us through symbols, which are human inventions, making things inherently imperfect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a research report?

    <p>The author is using a subjective standpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a critical essay?

    <p>It is typically written to defend a pre-determined argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason to conduct literature reviews?

    <p>To gather data from primary sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key benefits of conducting literature reviews?

    <p>To know your topic thoroughly, acquire the most reliable, up-to-date information and avoid duplication of other people’s work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peer review, a process of assessment by other experts in the relevant field, is a primary component of the research process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of audiences for research?

    <p>Other researchers, research participants, stakeholders and practitioners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three ways that researchers disseminate their research?

    <p>Meetings of professional associations, articles published by scholarly journals, and commissioned studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of data?

    <p>Qualitative and quantitative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single research project can use both qualitative and quantitative data.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sources of information?

    <p>Primary sources provide direct data and evidence with a direct relationship to the object of study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the secondary sources of information?

    <p>Secondary sources of information provide data with a mediated relationship to the object of study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a professional literature review?

    <p>A comprehensive and systematic assessment of the secondary sources on a specific topic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Research Notes

    • Research is a set of perspectives and skills used to examine problems or questions.
    • Research is a form of argument.

    Toulmin Model

    • Developed by Stephen Toulmin (1958).
    • Every essay or report needs a clear claim, sufficient data, and a warrant that connects data to the claim.
    • Data refers to observations, physical evidence, or measurements.
    • A claim is a position to be argued or an insight to be explored. This may be in the form of a thesis, hypothesis, or research question. A claim can be a statement, an insight, or a question.
    • A warrant is a standard for evaluating the value of data supporting a claim. A warrant can be a generally accepted assumption, a shared belief, an appeal to authority, a law of nature, a principle of human behaviour, or a carefully planned research method. This includes understanding why the data relates to the claim, and making conclusions.
    • Good methods provide excellent warrants. The warrant prompts questions about how we know what we know and why we think what we know is true.

    Five Principles of Research

    • Systematic: Consider and account for all possible variations.
    • Disciplined: Respect the evidence discovered; do not rely on assumptions.
    • Verifiable: Discoveries should be replicable by other researchers under the same conditions.
    • Cautious: Do not claim findings apply beyond what was studied.
    • Value-free: The researcher's personal opinions should not influence the research outcome.

    Empirical Questions

    • Questions that can be answered through measurement.

    Bacon vs the Language Argument

    • The major assumption underlying Bacon's scientific method is that truth exists and can be known by humanity.
    • Some argue that human knowledge is fallible; only subjective knowledge can be attained.

    Basic Research Processes

    • Establish a topic, claim (thesis, question, or hypothesis) and a curiosity for more information.
    • Review the literature (previous research).
    • Choose a research method.
    • Identify sources, based on the selected method.
    • Explain the analysis; describe the research plan and the approach taken (research design).
    • Conduct research, gathering data relevant to your topic.
    • Prepare and analyze the data, drawing conclusions based on the findings.

    Peer Review/Gatekeeping

    • All researcher work is assessed by their peers, or other researchers with expertise in the same field.

    Primary Sources

    • Provide direct evidence related to a subject.
    • Include artifacts, documents, firsthand accounts (e.g., letters, photos, videos, songs, interviews).

    Secondary Sources

    • Provide evidence with a mediated relationship to the subject.
    • Include analyses, interpretations, accounts from people who did not directly experience the subject. (e.g., magazine articles, books, documentaries).

    Professional Literature Reviews

    • A systematic and comprehensive assessment of secondary sources on a specific topic.

    How-to Search/Read Research

    • Utilize university library search engines.
    • Begin with recent research on a focused or general topic.
    • Seek suitable scholarly resources.
    • Read critically; question claims, collect notes, and evaluate sources; assess the validity and reliability of source.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of critical essays, the significance of context in research topics, and the necessary steps a researcher must take post-topic establishment. Additionally, it addresses the types of sources required for historical and policy research and effective conclusion strategies for research projects.

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