Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main challenge Maike faces in her academic work?
What is the main challenge Maike faces in her academic work?
- She struggles with the demands of academic writing and research. (correct)
- She is unable to find a suitable research topic.
- She lacks the necessary resources to conduct her research.
- She finds the content of her studies uninteresting.
What is the primary reason Maike chooses a qualitative approach for her research essay?
What is the primary reason Maike chooses a qualitative approach for her research essay?
- She is unfamiliar with quantitative methods and chooses the simpler option. (correct)
- She is influenced by her fellow student, Joana, who is experienced with qualitative research.
- She believes it is the most appropriate method for her research question.
- She is advised by her professor to utilize a qualitative approach.
What drives researchers to manipulate or falsify results?
What drives researchers to manipulate or falsify results?
- The pursuit of scientific knowledge and truth
- The need to follow the CUDOS principles
- The requirement to publish in an IU paper
- Pressure and incentives to achieve a certain outcome (correct)
What ethical violation does Maike commit by inventing the missing interviews?
What ethical violation does Maike commit by inventing the missing interviews?
What is the primary concern of research ethics in the medical field?
What is the primary concern of research ethics in the medical field?
Why is Maike's statement in the affidavit considered unethical?
Why is Maike's statement in the affidavit considered unethical?
Why is honesty important in scientific research?
Why is honesty important in scientific research?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Maike's unethical actions?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Maike's unethical actions?
What aspect of academic writing does the case study highlight?
What aspect of academic writing does the case study highlight?
What is the significance of the concept of truth in scientific research?
What is the significance of the concept of truth in scientific research?
What is the purpose of implementing good scientific practice from the beginning of a research project?
What is the purpose of implementing good scientific practice from the beginning of a research project?
Which of the following steps should Maike have taken to avoid her ethical dilemma?
Which of the following steps should Maike have taken to avoid her ethical dilemma?
What is the primary message the case study aims to convey?
What is the primary message the case study aims to convey?
What are the CUDOS principles?
What are the CUDOS principles?
Why must ethical issues be taken into account from the beginning of a research project?
Why must ethical issues be taken into account from the beginning of a research project?
What is the significance of academic honesty in scientific research?
What is the significance of academic honesty in scientific research?
What is the purpose of protecting study participants' data and personal information?
What is the purpose of protecting study participants' data and personal information?
Who formulated the ethical norms that are still regarded as the foundation for science?
Who formulated the ethical norms that are still regarded as the foundation for science?
What is the purpose of data minimization in surveys?
What is the purpose of data minimization in surveys?
What should be done with personal data at the end of a ten-year period?
What should be done with personal data at the end of a ten-year period?
What is the condition for using photographs in Germany?
What is the condition for using photographs in Germany?
What is the requirement for using images in academic work?
What is the requirement for using images in academic work?
What is the purpose of pseudonymity in surveys?
What is the purpose of pseudonymity in surveys?
What is the consequence of collecting too much personal data?
What is the consequence of collecting too much personal data?
What is the requirement for using trademarks in images?
What is the requirement for using trademarks in images?
What is the purpose of deleting personal data?
What is the purpose of deleting personal data?
What is the condition for collecting personal data in surveys?
What is the condition for collecting personal data in surveys?
What is the purpose of citing images in academic work?
What is the purpose of citing images in academic work?
What is the primary purpose of a meta-analysis?
What is the primary purpose of a meta-analysis?
What is the main advantage of using randomization in research?
What is the main advantage of using randomization in research?
Which level of evidence is considered the most reliable in evidence-based medicine?
Which level of evidence is considered the most reliable in evidence-based medicine?
What is a key consideration when evaluating the reliability of a research study?
What is a key consideration when evaluating the reliability of a research study?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when assessing the methodology of a study?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when assessing the methodology of a study?
Why is it important to determine the reason why an experiment was conducted?
Why is it important to determine the reason why an experiment was conducted?
Which of the following is a key difference between Level 1 and Level 2 evidence?
Which of the following is a key difference between Level 1 and Level 2 evidence?
What does the term "evidence class" refer to?
What does the term "evidence class" refer to?
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when evaluating the representativeness of a study?
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when evaluating the representativeness of a study?
What is the significance of data protection regulations in research?
What is the significance of data protection regulations in research?
What is the purpose of referencing sources in academic writing?
What is the purpose of referencing sources in academic writing?
What should be avoided in academic writing?
What should be avoided in academic writing?
Why is it important to have a non-native speaker's work proofread?
Why is it important to have a non-native speaker's work proofread?
How should page numbers be formatted in a research paper?
How should page numbers be formatted in a research paper?
Which of the following is NOT a permissible use of media elements from Microsoft software products like Word and PowerPoint?
Which of the following is NOT a permissible use of media elements from Microsoft software products like Word and PowerPoint?
What should be considered when choosing a research topic?
What should be considered when choosing a research topic?
Why should illustrations and tables be created by the author themselves?
Why should illustrations and tables be created by the author themselves?
What is the primary purpose of a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?
What is the primary purpose of a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the use of screenshots in academic work?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the use of screenshots in academic work?
What is the purpose of the title page in a research paper?
What is the purpose of the title page in a research paper?
What is the significance of an affidavit in academic work?
What is the significance of an affidavit in academic work?
Why is it important to use gender-neutral language in academic writing?
Why is it important to use gender-neutral language in academic writing?
Why is consent required from individuals depicted in images used in academic work?
Why is consent required from individuals depicted in images used in academic work?
What should be done to avoid spelling and typing errors?
What should be done to avoid spelling and typing errors?
What is the potential consequence of violating a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?
What is the potential consequence of violating a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?
What is the purpose of checking for plagiarism in academic work?
What is the purpose of checking for plagiarism in academic work?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of media elements in academic work?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of media elements in academic work?
What is the main purpose of including an affidavit in academic work?
What is the main purpose of including an affidavit in academic work?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when obtaining consent for using an image of a person in academic work?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when obtaining consent for using an image of a person in academic work?
What is the key challenge in balancing the interests of a company and a university when using a non-disclosure agreement?
What is the key challenge in balancing the interests of a company and a university when using a non-disclosure agreement?
What principle indicates that scientific knowledge is a communal asset?
What principle indicates that scientific knowledge is a communal asset?
According to Merton, which principle states that scientists should be evaluated solely on their scientific performance?
According to Merton, which principle states that scientists should be evaluated solely on their scientific performance?
What does the principle of disinterestedness refer to?
What does the principle of disinterestedness refer to?
What principle encourages skepticism and review of scientific results?
What principle encourages skepticism and review of scientific results?
What term refers to the ethical principle of avoiding harm in research?
What term refers to the ethical principle of avoiding harm in research?
Which ethical principle ensures that participants understand what they are involved in?
Which ethical principle ensures that participants understand what they are involved in?
What is the consequence of not establishing rules for scientific honesty?
What is the consequence of not establishing rules for scientific honesty?
What aspect of research focuses on maintaining participant anonymity and confidentiality?
What aspect of research focuses on maintaining participant anonymity and confidentiality?
Which of the following best describes the role of evidence in science?
Which of the following best describes the role of evidence in science?
Which term is used to describe the responsibility researchers have in managing data?
Which term is used to describe the responsibility researchers have in managing data?
What is the primary purpose of the discussion section in a scientific paper?
What is the primary purpose of the discussion section in a scientific paper?
Which type of results are presented in the findings/results section of a paper using empirical methods?
Which type of results are presented in the findings/results section of a paper using empirical methods?
Good scientific practice involves which of the following demands on the author?
Good scientific practice involves which of the following demands on the author?
What is a potential component of the discussion section that follows the analysis of findings?
What is a potential component of the discussion section that follows the analysis of findings?
How should results generated through a systematic literature search be presented?
How should results generated through a systematic literature search be presented?
What is one reason affidavits are required for scientific papers?
What is one reason affidavits are required for scientific papers?
What should be reiterated in the conclusion section of a scientific paper?
What should be reiterated in the conclusion section of a scientific paper?
Which aspect of scientific writing is emphasized as important from the beginning of studies?
Which aspect of scientific writing is emphasized as important from the beginning of studies?
What is the essential purpose of the appendix in a scientific paper?
What is the essential purpose of the appendix in a scientific paper?
Which section of a scientific paper typically includes the research question and structure of the work?
Which section of a scientific paper typically includes the research question and structure of the work?
How should chapter titles in the body of the text be chosen?
How should chapter titles in the body of the text be chosen?
What is included in the table of contents of a scientific paper?
What is included in the table of contents of a scientific paper?
Which part of a scientific paper is NOT usually numbered in the outline?
Which part of a scientific paper is NOT usually numbered in the outline?
What is the ideal approach to topic identification in scientific research?
What is the ideal approach to topic identification in scientific research?
What should be included when referencing terms in the body of the text?
What should be included when referencing terms in the body of the text?
Which of the following is an example of a poorly defined research title?
Which of the following is an example of a poorly defined research title?
What role does the research question play in the outline of a scientific work?
What role does the research question play in the outline of a scientific work?
What type of information is typically presented in the methods section of a scientific paper?
What type of information is typically presented in the methods section of a scientific paper?
Which of these is a valid criterion for narrowing down a research topic?
Which of these is a valid criterion for narrowing down a research topic?
Which statement about the lists of tables and figures is correct?
Which statement about the lists of tables and figures is correct?
What is the primary focus of the theoretical background section in a scientific paper?
What is the primary focus of the theoretical background section in a scientific paper?
How many research questions are commonly formulated in relation to a topic?
How many research questions are commonly formulated in relation to a topic?
In which component of a scientific paper should the advantages and disadvantages of a chosen method be discussed?
In which component of a scientific paper should the advantages and disadvantages of a chosen method be discussed?
What is necessary for an outline in scientific work aside from the main points?
What is necessary for an outline in scientific work aside from the main points?
What can help researchers avoid abstraction in their work?
What can help researchers avoid abstraction in their work?
What does the funnel analogy represent in the context of a research question?
What does the funnel analogy represent in the context of a research question?
Which aspect should be avoided when selecting a research title?
Which aspect should be avoided when selecting a research title?
What should the entire outline of scientific work reflect?
What should the entire outline of scientific work reflect?
Study Notes
Practical Application of Good Science
- The importance of ethics in research:
- Prevents exploitation of vulnerable individuals, such as those in Tuskegee study (1932-1972)
- Ensures respect for human subjects and their data
- Upholds scientific integrity and trustworthiness of research results
CUDOS Principles
- Communism: Scientific knowledge belongs to the community, not individual researchers
- Universalism: Scientific statements are valid regardless of researcher's social class, religion, race, etc.
- Disinterestedness: Scientists should act for the sake of scientific progress, not personal gain
- Organized skepticism: Scientific results should be reviewed and tested by the researcher and the scientific community
Evidence in Science
- Definition: Available body of facts indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
- Evaluation criteria for studies:
- Research question and methodology
- Sampling and participant selection
- Description of procedure and results
- Replicability and potential bias
- Sample size and experiment frequency
- Study duration and follow-up
- Independence and funding
- Levels of evidence hierarchy:
- Level 1: Meta-analysis of RCTs
- Level 2: Well-conducted RCT
- Level 3: Controlled research without randomization
- Level 4: Research without experimental study
- Level 5: Opinions/reports of recognized authorities
Data Protection, Affidavit, and General Legal Information
- Data protection regulations:
- Data minimization
- Legality and consent
- Deletion of data
- Pseudonymity and anonymity
- Copyright laws:
- Use of graphics and photos in academic work
- Citation guidelines
- Permission required for use of images
- Non-disclosure agreements:
- Protecting data and information in scientific work
- Cooperation with external partners or companies### Non-Disclosure Agreement
- A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) must be signed when working with companies to protect sensitive data and research results
- The NDA prohibits publication of research results for a specific period to maintain confidentiality
- Violation of an NDA can result in criminal prosecution
Affidavit
- An affidavit is a declaration that the work is independent and was not produced with outside help or intellectual property
- The affidavit confirms that no sources other than those stated were used
- The affidavit must be included in the work and signed by the author
- Failure to include a signed affidavit leads to failure of the examination
Spelling and Format
- A research paper must meet certain formal criteria to ensure legibility, transparency, and clarity
- Avoid excessive use of personal pronouns ("I" and "we") in academic writing
- Use gender-neutral language and avoid discriminatory language
- Spelling and typing errors should be avoided by proofreading the work several times
- Students whose native language is different from the language of the examination should have their work proofread by a trained native speaker
Identification and Focus of Research
- Topics for a scientific paper should be chosen carefully to ensure they are interesting, feasible, and relevant
- Check if the topic is extensively covered, requires the use of difficult sources, or is too abstract
- Formulate research questions to narrow the topic and serve as a common thread throughout the work
- Use thematic boundaries and constraints to determine which aspects to address and why
Research Question and Outline
- The research question is an integral part of the outline of a scientific work
- The research question helps to identify the classification points and facts to be included in the work
- The outline should demonstrate how the research question is executed and provide an overview of the work
- A good outline should have a maximum of three section levels (Main Heading, Section, Subsection)
Structure of a Scientific Outline
- The table of contents should include the outline points with page numbers
- The text part consists of introduction, body, and conclusion
- The body should include theoretical background, methods, findings/results, and discussion
- The introduction should provide a problem statement, objectives, and research questions
- The conclusion should summarize the entire paper and provide recommendations for further action
Summary
- Good scientific practice requires adherence to certain principles and guidelines
- Scientific integrity is crucial for recognition of one's work and is a prerequisite for science
- Data protection and copyright laws should be considered when conducting research and writing scientific papers
- Understanding the structure, form, and scope of a scientific work is essential for success.
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Description
Learn about the importance of ethics in research, including preventing exploitation, ensuring respect for human subjects, and upholding scientific integrity. Also, explore the CUDOS principles of scientific research.
