Questions and Answers
What is the main challenge Maike faces in her academic work?
What is the primary reason Maike chooses a qualitative approach for her research essay?
What drives researchers to manipulate or falsify results?
What ethical violation does Maike commit by inventing the missing interviews?
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What is the primary concern of research ethics in the medical field?
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Why is Maike's statement in the affidavit considered unethical?
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Why is honesty important in scientific research?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Maike's unethical actions?
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What aspect of academic writing does the case study highlight?
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What is the significance of the concept of truth in scientific research?
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What is the purpose of implementing good scientific practice from the beginning of a research project?
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Which of the following steps should Maike have taken to avoid her ethical dilemma?
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What is the primary message the case study aims to convey?
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What are the CUDOS principles?
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Why must ethical issues be taken into account from the beginning of a research project?
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What is the significance of academic honesty in scientific research?
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What is the purpose of protecting study participants' data and personal information?
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Who formulated the ethical norms that are still regarded as the foundation for science?
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What is the purpose of data minimization in surveys?
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What should be done with personal data at the end of a ten-year period?
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What is the condition for using photographs in Germany?
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What is the requirement for using images in academic work?
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What is the purpose of pseudonymity in surveys?
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What is the consequence of collecting too much personal data?
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What is the requirement for using trademarks in images?
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What is the purpose of deleting personal data?
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What is the condition for collecting personal data in surveys?
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What is the purpose of citing images in academic work?
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What is the primary purpose of a meta-analysis?
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What is the main advantage of using randomization in research?
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Which level of evidence is considered the most reliable in evidence-based medicine?
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What is a key consideration when evaluating the reliability of a research study?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when assessing the methodology of a study?
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Why is it important to determine the reason why an experiment was conducted?
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Which of the following is a key difference between Level 1 and Level 2 evidence?
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What does the term "evidence class" refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a consideration when evaluating the representativeness of a study?
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What is the significance of data protection regulations in research?
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What is the purpose of referencing sources in academic writing?
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What should be avoided in academic writing?
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Why is it important to have a non-native speaker's work proofread?
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How should page numbers be formatted in a research paper?
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Which of the following is NOT a permissible use of media elements from Microsoft software products like Word and PowerPoint?
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What should be considered when choosing a research topic?
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Why should illustrations and tables be created by the author themselves?
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What is the primary purpose of a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the use of screenshots in academic work?
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What is the purpose of the title page in a research paper?
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What is the significance of an affidavit in academic work?
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Why is it important to use gender-neutral language in academic writing?
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Why is consent required from individuals depicted in images used in academic work?
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What should be done to avoid spelling and typing errors?
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What is the potential consequence of violating a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?
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What is the purpose of checking for plagiarism in academic work?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of media elements in academic work?
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What is the main purpose of including an affidavit in academic work?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when obtaining consent for using an image of a person in academic work?
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What is the key challenge in balancing the interests of a company and a university when using a non-disclosure agreement?
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What principle indicates that scientific knowledge is a communal asset?
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According to Merton, which principle states that scientists should be evaluated solely on their scientific performance?
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What does the principle of disinterestedness refer to?
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What principle encourages skepticism and review of scientific results?
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What term refers to the ethical principle of avoiding harm in research?
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Which ethical principle ensures that participants understand what they are involved in?
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What is the consequence of not establishing rules for scientific honesty?
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What aspect of research focuses on maintaining participant anonymity and confidentiality?
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Which of the following best describes the role of evidence in science?
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Which term is used to describe the responsibility researchers have in managing data?
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What is the primary purpose of the discussion section in a scientific paper?
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Which type of results are presented in the findings/results section of a paper using empirical methods?
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Good scientific practice involves which of the following demands on the author?
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What is a potential component of the discussion section that follows the analysis of findings?
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How should results generated through a systematic literature search be presented?
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What is one reason affidavits are required for scientific papers?
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What should be reiterated in the conclusion section of a scientific paper?
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Which aspect of scientific writing is emphasized as important from the beginning of studies?
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What is the essential purpose of the appendix in a scientific paper?
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Which section of a scientific paper typically includes the research question and structure of the work?
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How should chapter titles in the body of the text be chosen?
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What is included in the table of contents of a scientific paper?
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Which part of a scientific paper is NOT usually numbered in the outline?
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What is the ideal approach to topic identification in scientific research?
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What should be included when referencing terms in the body of the text?
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Which of the following is an example of a poorly defined research title?
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What role does the research question play in the outline of a scientific work?
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What type of information is typically presented in the methods section of a scientific paper?
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Which of these is a valid criterion for narrowing down a research topic?
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Which statement about the lists of tables and figures is correct?
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What is the primary focus of the theoretical background section in a scientific paper?
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How many research questions are commonly formulated in relation to a topic?
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In which component of a scientific paper should the advantages and disadvantages of a chosen method be discussed?
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What is necessary for an outline in scientific work aside from the main points?
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What can help researchers avoid abstraction in their work?
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What does the funnel analogy represent in the context of a research question?
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Which aspect should be avoided when selecting a research title?
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What should the entire outline of scientific work reflect?
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Study Notes
Practical Application of Good Science
- The importance of ethics in research:
- Prevents exploitation of vulnerable individuals, such as those in Tuskegee study (1932-1972)
- Ensures respect for human subjects and their data
- Upholds scientific integrity and trustworthiness of research results
CUDOS Principles
- Communism: Scientific knowledge belongs to the community, not individual researchers
- Universalism: Scientific statements are valid regardless of researcher's social class, religion, race, etc.
- Disinterestedness: Scientists should act for the sake of scientific progress, not personal gain
- Organized skepticism: Scientific results should be reviewed and tested by the researcher and the scientific community
Evidence in Science
- Definition: Available body of facts indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
- Evaluation criteria for studies:
- Research question and methodology
- Sampling and participant selection
- Description of procedure and results
- Replicability and potential bias
- Sample size and experiment frequency
- Study duration and follow-up
- Independence and funding
- Levels of evidence hierarchy:
- Level 1: Meta-analysis of RCTs
- Level 2: Well-conducted RCT
- Level 3: Controlled research without randomization
- Level 4: Research without experimental study
- Level 5: Opinions/reports of recognized authorities
Data Protection, Affidavit, and General Legal Information
- Data protection regulations:
- Data minimization
- Legality and consent
- Deletion of data
- Pseudonymity and anonymity
- Copyright laws:
- Use of graphics and photos in academic work
- Citation guidelines
- Permission required for use of images
- Non-disclosure agreements:
- Protecting data and information in scientific work
- Cooperation with external partners or companies### Non-Disclosure Agreement
- A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) must be signed when working with companies to protect sensitive data and research results
- The NDA prohibits publication of research results for a specific period to maintain confidentiality
- Violation of an NDA can result in criminal prosecution
Affidavit
- An affidavit is a declaration that the work is independent and was not produced with outside help or intellectual property
- The affidavit confirms that no sources other than those stated were used
- The affidavit must be included in the work and signed by the author
- Failure to include a signed affidavit leads to failure of the examination
Spelling and Format
- A research paper must meet certain formal criteria to ensure legibility, transparency, and clarity
- Avoid excessive use of personal pronouns ("I" and "we") in academic writing
- Use gender-neutral language and avoid discriminatory language
- Spelling and typing errors should be avoided by proofreading the work several times
- Students whose native language is different from the language of the examination should have their work proofread by a trained native speaker
Identification and Focus of Research
- Topics for a scientific paper should be chosen carefully to ensure they are interesting, feasible, and relevant
- Check if the topic is extensively covered, requires the use of difficult sources, or is too abstract
- Formulate research questions to narrow the topic and serve as a common thread throughout the work
- Use thematic boundaries and constraints to determine which aspects to address and why
Research Question and Outline
- The research question is an integral part of the outline of a scientific work
- The research question helps to identify the classification points and facts to be included in the work
- The outline should demonstrate how the research question is executed and provide an overview of the work
- A good outline should have a maximum of three section levels (Main Heading, Section, Subsection)
Structure of a Scientific Outline
- The table of contents should include the outline points with page numbers
- The text part consists of introduction, body, and conclusion
- The body should include theoretical background, methods, findings/results, and discussion
- The introduction should provide a problem statement, objectives, and research questions
- The conclusion should summarize the entire paper and provide recommendations for further action
Summary
- Good scientific practice requires adherence to certain principles and guidelines
- Scientific integrity is crucial for recognition of one's work and is a prerequisite for science
- Data protection and copyright laws should be considered when conducting research and writing scientific papers
- Understanding the structure, form, and scope of a scientific work is essential for success.
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Description
Learn about the importance of ethics in research, including preventing exploitation, ensuring respect for human subjects, and upholding scientific integrity. Also, explore the CUDOS principles of scientific research.