Research Ethics and CUDOS Principles

Questions and Answers

What is the main challenge Maike faces in her academic work?

She struggles with the demands of academic writing and research. (correct)

She is unable to find a suitable research topic.

She lacks the necessary resources to conduct her research.

She finds the content of her studies uninteresting.

What is the primary reason Maike chooses a qualitative approach for her research essay?

She is unfamiliar with quantitative methods and chooses the simpler option. (correct)

She is influenced by her fellow student, Joana, who is experienced with qualitative research.

She believes it is the most appropriate method for her research question.

She is advised by her professor to utilize a qualitative approach.

What drives researchers to manipulate or falsify results?

The pursuit of scientific knowledge and truth

The need to follow the CUDOS principles

The requirement to publish in an IU paper

Pressure and incentives to achieve a certain outcome (correct)

What ethical violation does Maike commit by inventing the missing interviews?

She fabricates data, leading to a distorted and inaccurate representation of reality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of research ethics in the medical field?

Preventing harm or exploitation of vulnerable groups Signup and view all the answers

Why is Maike's statement in the affidavit considered unethical?

She falsely claims independent research while receiving significant help from Joana. Signup and view all the answers

Why is honesty important in scientific research?

Because it ensures the reliability and accessibility of scientific results Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Maike's unethical actions?

Financial penalties for violating academic honesty policies. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of academic writing does the case study highlight?

The ethical implications of research and academic integrity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of truth in scientific research?

It is a complex concept with multiple definitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of implementing good scientific practice from the beginning of a research project?

To enable students to apply and implement good scientific practice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps should Maike have taken to avoid her ethical dilemma?

Seek guidance from her professor or a research advisor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary message the case study aims to convey?

Ethical considerations are crucial in all aspects of academic research. Signup and view all the answers

What are the CUDOS principles?

The four basic ethical norms in scientific research Signup and view all the answers

Why must ethical issues be taken into account from the beginning of a research project?

Because they are essential for ensuring the reliability and accessibility of scientific results Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of academic honesty in scientific research?

It encompasses all the steps necessary for scientific insight and discovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of protecting study participants' data and personal information?

To prevent the misuse of data collected Signup and view all the answers

Who formulated the ethical norms that are still regarded as the foundation for science?

Robert King Merton Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of data minimization in surveys?

To avoid collecting unnecessary personal data Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with personal data at the end of a ten-year period?

Deleted after ten years Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for using photographs in Germany?

The photograph is protected by copyright Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for using images in academic work?

The image must be cited Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pseudonymity in surveys?

To replace personal data with pseudonyms Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of collecting too much personal data?

It is a violation of data protection regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for using trademarks in images?

It must be an insignificant accessory in the overall image Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of deleting personal data?

To protect the respondent's privacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for collecting personal data in surveys?

The respondent's consent must be obtained Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of citing images in academic work?

To avoid copyright infringement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a meta-analysis?

To provide a comprehensive overview of a research topic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using randomization in research?

It ensures that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any group. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of evidence is considered the most reliable in evidence-based medicine?

Level 1: Evidence from at least one meta-analysis of RCTs Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when evaluating the reliability of a research study?

Whether the study design is appropriate for answering the research question. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when assessing the methodology of a study?

The level of education of the researchers involved. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to determine the reason why an experiment was conducted?

To understand if the study design is appropriate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between Level 1 and Level 2 evidence?

Level 1 evidence is derived from meta-analyses, while Level 2 evidence is derived from individual randomized controlled trials. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "evidence class" refer to?

The quality and reliability of a research study. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration when evaluating the representativeness of a study?

The financial resources available to the researchers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of data protection regulations in research?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of referencing sources in academic writing?

To avoid plagiarism and give credit to original authors Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in academic writing?

The excessive use of personal pronouns Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have a non-native speaker's work proofread?

To review language, style, and understanding Signup and view all the answers

How should page numbers be formatted in a research paper?

With Roman capital letters for the title page and Arabic numbers for the rest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a permissible use of media elements from Microsoft software products like Word and PowerPoint?

Using templates for creating commercial marketing materials Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when choosing a research topic?

Whether the topic is interesting and has previous knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Why should illustrations and tables be created by the author themselves?

To avoid copyright issues with previously created graphics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?

To protect sensitive data and research results from unauthorized access. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the use of screenshots in academic work?

Screenshots should be used to clarify text and not as an insignificant accessory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the title page in a research paper?

To note the author's information and topic Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an affidavit in academic work?

It verifies the author's independent work and the absence of plagiarism. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use gender-neutral language in academic writing?

To promote inclusivity and non-discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Why is consent required from individuals depicted in images used in academic work?

To protect the privacy and rights of individuals in the images. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to avoid spelling and typing errors?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of violating a non-disclosure agreement in scientific research?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of checking for plagiarism in academic work?

To ensure originality and authenticity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of media elements in academic work?

The use of media elements for illustration purposes always requires the consent of the copyright holder. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of including an affidavit in academic work?

To declare the originality and independence of the work. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when obtaining consent for using an image of a person in academic work?

The amount of compensation to be paid to the individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key challenge in balancing the interests of a company and a university when using a non-disclosure agreement?

Protecting the confidentiality of sensitive data while allowing for scientific publication. Signup and view all the answers

What principle indicates that scientific knowledge is a communal asset?

Communism Signup and view all the answers

According to Merton, which principle states that scientists should be evaluated solely on their scientific performance?

Universalism Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of disinterestedness refer to?

Acting solely for scientific progress Signup and view all the answers

What principle encourages skepticism and review of scientific results?

Organized skepticism Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the ethical principle of avoiding harm in research?

Non-maleficence Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle ensures that participants understand what they are involved in?

Informed consent Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not establishing rules for scientific honesty?

Damage to science's reputation Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of research focuses on maintaining participant anonymity and confidentiality?

Confidentiality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of evidence in science?

Evidence serves to affirm scientific truth Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the responsibility researchers have in managing data?

Compliance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the discussion section in a scientific paper?

To reflect and compare findings with existing research. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of results are presented in the findings/results section of a paper using empirical methods?

Results generated from the applied method. Signup and view all the answers

Good scientific practice involves which of the following demands on the author?

Upholding scientific integrity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential component of the discussion section that follows the analysis of findings?

Recommendations for further action. Signup and view all the answers

How should results generated through a systematic literature search be presented?

In a neutral manner without evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason affidavits are required for scientific papers?

To affirm statements of scientific integrity. Signup and view all the answers

What should be reiterated in the conclusion section of a scientific paper?

The research question and its conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of scientific writing is emphasized as important from the beginning of studies?

Understanding the requirements for scientific integrity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential purpose of the appendix in a scientific paper?

To present detailed information that supports the text. Signup and view all the answers

Which section of a scientific paper typically includes the research question and structure of the work?

Introduction. Signup and view all the answers

How should chapter titles in the body of the text be chosen?

Tailored to the specific research topic. Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the table of contents of a scientific paper?

Outline with page numbers for all main parts. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a scientific paper is NOT usually numbered in the outline?

Table of figures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal approach to topic identification in scientific research?

Continuously refining and solidifying topics throughout studies Signup and view all the answers

What should be included when referencing terms in the body of the text?

Terms should be explained upon their first mention. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a poorly defined research title?

Leadership in the 21st Century Signup and view all the answers

What role does the research question play in the outline of a scientific work?

It serves as a common thread that guides the structure of the work Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is typically presented in the methods section of a scientific paper?

The specific methodology and its justification. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a valid criterion for narrowing down a research topic?

Geographical boundaries or constraints Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the lists of tables and figures is correct?

They should be included if there are three or more items. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the theoretical background section in a scientific paper?

To provide an evidence-based context for the research question. Signup and view all the answers

How many research questions are commonly formulated in relation to a topic?

Two or three Signup and view all the answers

In which component of a scientific paper should the advantages and disadvantages of a chosen method be discussed?

Methods section. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for an outline in scientific work aside from the main points?

At least two sub-points for any subdivided outline point Signup and view all the answers

What can help researchers avoid abstraction in their work?

Utilizing thematic boundaries and constraints Signup and view all the answers

What does the funnel analogy represent in the context of a research question?

The filtering and categorizing of relevant facts and classification points Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect should be avoided when selecting a research title?

Using abstract terms that lack clarity Signup and view all the answers

What should the entire outline of scientific work reflect?

Logical development aligned with the research question Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Practical Application of Good Science

The importance of ethics in research:
- Prevents exploitation of vulnerable individuals, such as those in Tuskegee study (1932-1972)
- Ensures respect for human subjects and their data
- Upholds scientific integrity and trustworthiness of research results

CUDOS Principles

Communism: Scientific knowledge belongs to the community, not individual researchers
Universalism: Scientific statements are valid regardless of researcher's social class, religion, race, etc.
Disinterestedness: Scientists should act for the sake of scientific progress, not personal gain
Organized skepticism: Scientific results should be reviewed and tested by the researcher and the scientific community

Evidence in Science

Definition: Available body of facts indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
Evaluation criteria for studies:
- Research question and methodology
- Sampling and participant selection
- Description of procedure and results
- Replicability and potential bias
- Sample size and experiment frequency
- Study duration and follow-up
- Independence and funding
Levels of evidence hierarchy:
- Level 1: Meta-analysis of RCTs
- Level 2: Well-conducted RCT
- Level 3: Controlled research without randomization
- Level 4: Research without experimental study
- Level 5: Opinions/reports of recognized authorities

Data Protection, Affidavit, and General Legal Information

Data protection regulations:
- Data minimization
- Legality and consent
- Deletion of data
- Pseudonymity and anonymity
Copyright laws:
- Use of graphics and photos in academic work
- Citation guidelines
- Permission required for use of images
Non-disclosure agreements:
- Protecting data and information in scientific work
- Cooperation with external partners or companies### Non-Disclosure Agreement
A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) must be signed when working with companies to protect sensitive data and research results
The NDA prohibits publication of research results for a specific period to maintain confidentiality
Violation of an NDA can result in criminal prosecution

Affidavit

An affidavit is a declaration that the work is independent and was not produced with outside help or intellectual property
The affidavit confirms that no sources other than those stated were used
The affidavit must be included in the work and signed by the author
Failure to include a signed affidavit leads to failure of the examination

Spelling and Format

A research paper must meet certain formal criteria to ensure legibility, transparency, and clarity
Avoid excessive use of personal pronouns ("I" and "we") in academic writing
Use gender-neutral language and avoid discriminatory language
Spelling and typing errors should be avoided by proofreading the work several times
Students whose native language is different from the language of the examination should have their work proofread by a trained native speaker

Identification and Focus of Research

Topics for a scientific paper should be chosen carefully to ensure they are interesting, feasible, and relevant
Check if the topic is extensively covered, requires the use of difficult sources, or is too abstract
Formulate research questions to narrow the topic and serve as a common thread throughout the work
Use thematic boundaries and constraints to determine which aspects to address and why

Research Question and Outline

The research question is an integral part of the outline of a scientific work
The research question helps to identify the classification points and facts to be included in the work
The outline should demonstrate how the research question is executed and provide an overview of the work
A good outline should have a maximum of three section levels (Main Heading, Section, Subsection)

Structure of a Scientific Outline

The table of contents should include the outline points with page numbers
The text part consists of introduction, body, and conclusion
The body should include theoretical background, methods, findings/results, and discussion
The introduction should provide a problem statement, objectives, and research questions
The conclusion should summarize the entire paper and provide recommendations for further action

Summary

Good scientific practice requires adherence to certain principles and guidelines
Scientific integrity is crucial for recognition of one's work and is a prerequisite for science
Data protection and copyright laws should be considered when conducting research and writing scientific papers
Understanding the structure, form, and scope of a scientific work is essential for success.

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Description

Learn about the importance of ethics in research, including preventing exploitation, ensuring respect for human subjects, and upholding scientific integrity. Also, explore the CUDOS principles of scientific research.