28 Questions
What is important to consider when designing a study?
To reduce the possibility of errors and biases
Researchers should aim to introduce biases into their study design.
False
Why is it crucial to reduce errors and biases in a study?
Because they can threaten the validity of the study's results.
When designing a study, it is important to minimize the ______________ of errors and biases.
possibility
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Biases = Systematic errors in a study Errors = Random mistakes in a study Study Design = The plan for conducting a study Validity = The accuracy of a study's results
What does the Prevalence Index measure?
The presence or absence of caries
The Slack Index is used to measure the prevalence of caries.
False
What is the formula to calculate the prevalence rate?
Total number of cases affected with caries / Total population
The Slack Index is used to measure the ______________ of carious lesions.
severity
Match the index with its description:
Prevalence Index = Measures the presence or absence of caries Slack Index = Measures the severity of carious lesions
Why is the Prevalence Index useful?
Because it is used for observing and comparing populations with wide differences in caries experience
What is the relationship between DMF and total water hardness according to some authors?
Inverse
Selenium has a caries-inhibiting influence.
False
What type of diet in urban areas may contribute to an increase in dental caries?
Refined and freely fermentable carbohydrates
Good economic status and social pressure in the direction of good _______________ are strong factors in creating demand for dental treatment.
mouth appearance
Match the following trace elements with their effects on dental caries:
Selenium = Increases dental caries Molybdenum = Inhibits dental caries Vanadium = Inhibits dental caries
The criteria for caries diagnosis should be defined before starting the examination.
True
What does the dmf index summarize?
The status of primary teeth
The def index is used for children older than age six or seven.
True
What does dmfs stand for?
decayed, missed, and filled surfaces
The dmfs index is used to score the number of ______________ in the primary dentition.
surfaces decayed, missed and filled
Match the indices with their descriptions:
dmf = Summarizes the status of primary teeth dmfs = Scores the number of surfaces decayed, missed and filled in the primary dentition def = Used for children older than age six or seven
What is the purpose of the dmfs index?
To score the number of surfaces decayed, missed and filled in the primary dentition
According to the commonest definition, a tooth is considered carious when a sharp explorer catches in a cavity with a____________.
detectably soft floor
Indices of dental caries can be divided into only two categories.
False
How can indices of dental caries express the severity of the disease?
Indices can express either the number of teeth or the number of surfaces affected.
A tooth is considered carious when a sharp explorer catches in a cavity with a ______________ floor.
detectably soft
Match the category of dental caries indices with its description:
Indices used for permanent dentition = Used for adult teeth Indices used for primary dentition = Used for baby teeth Indices used for mixed dentition = Used for both baby and adult teeth
Study Notes
Study Design Considerations
- Errors and biases must be considered and minimized when designing a study to ensure reliable results
Relationship Between DMF and Water Hardness
- Some studies have found an inverse relationship between DMF (Decay, Missing, Filled) and total water hardness
- Trace elements such as selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium have been found to have an impact on dental caries
Impact of Selenium, Molybdenum, and Vanadium
- High levels of selenium in water and food have been linked to an increase in dental caries
- Molybdenum and vanadium, on the other hand, have been found to have caries-inhibiting influences
Urbanization and Dental Caries
- Urbanization has been linked to an increase in dental caries, possibly due to the type of diet in urban areas (refined and freely fermentable carbohydrates)
Social Factors and Dental Caries
- Good economic status and social pressure to maintain good oral health can create demand for dental treatment
Indices Used for Assessment of Dental Caries
- Criteria for caries diagnosis should be defined before examination
- Common definition of caries diagnosis is a tooth with a detectably soft floor and/or some undermined enamel or break-down in pit or fissure walls
Types of Indices Used
- Indices of dental caries can be divided into three categories: permanent dentition, primary dentition, and mixed dentition
- Indices can express either the number of teeth or surfaces affected
- All caries indices reflect cumulative experience and do not indicate whether the caries process is active at the time of examination
Indices Used for Permanent Dentition
- Prevalence Index: simplest index used for measuring dental caries, describes whether the disease is present or absent
- Slack Index: sensitive classification of the extent of carious lesions
Indices Used for Primary Dentition
- dmf Index: used to score the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth in the primary dentition
- dmfs Index: used to score the number of surfaces decayed, missing, and filled in the primary dentition
Indices Used for Mixed Dentition
- def Index: used for children older than age six or seven
Learn about the importance of minimizing errors and reducing biases in research design to ensure reliable results.
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