Research Design Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is important to consider when designing a study?

  • To ensure quick results
  • To ignore previous research
  • To reduce the possibility of errors and biases (correct)
  • To only consider one variable

Researchers should aim to introduce biases into their study design.

False (B)

Why is it crucial to reduce errors and biases in a study?

Because they can threaten the validity of the study's results.

When designing a study, it is important to minimize the ______________ of errors and biases.

<p>possibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Biases = Systematic errors in a study Errors = Random mistakes in a study Study Design = The plan for conducting a study Validity = The accuracy of a study's results</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Prevalence Index measure?

<p>The presence or absence of caries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Slack Index is used to measure the prevalence of caries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the prevalence rate?

<p>Total number of cases affected with caries / Total population</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Slack Index is used to measure the ______________ of carious lesions.

<p>severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the index with its description:

<p>Prevalence Index = Measures the presence or absence of caries Slack Index = Measures the severity of carious lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Prevalence Index useful?

<p>Because it is used for observing and comparing populations with wide differences in caries experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between DMF and total water hardness according to some authors?

<p>Inverse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selenium has a caries-inhibiting influence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diet in urban areas may contribute to an increase in dental caries?

<p>Refined and freely fermentable carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Good economic status and social pressure in the direction of good _______________ are strong factors in creating demand for dental treatment.

<p>mouth appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following trace elements with their effects on dental caries:

<p>Selenium = Increases dental caries Molybdenum = Inhibits dental caries Vanadium = Inhibits dental caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The criteria for caries diagnosis should be defined before starting the examination.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dmf index summarize?

<p>The status of primary teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The def index is used for children older than age six or seven.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dmfs stand for?

<p>decayed, missed, and filled surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dmfs index is used to score the number of ______________ in the primary dentition.

<p>surfaces decayed, missed and filled</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the indices with their descriptions:

<p>dmf = Summarizes the status of primary teeth dmfs = Scores the number of surfaces decayed, missed and filled in the primary dentition def = Used for children older than age six or seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dmfs index?

<p>To score the number of surfaces decayed, missed and filled in the primary dentition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the commonest definition, a tooth is considered carious when a sharp explorer catches in a cavity with a____________.

<p>detectably soft floor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indices of dental caries can be divided into only two categories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can indices of dental caries express the severity of the disease?

<p>Indices can express either the number of teeth or the number of surfaces affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tooth is considered carious when a sharp explorer catches in a cavity with a ______________ floor.

<p>detectably soft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the category of dental caries indices with its description:

<p>Indices used for permanent dentition = Used for adult teeth Indices used for primary dentition = Used for baby teeth Indices used for mixed dentition = Used for both baby and adult teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Study Design Considerations

  • Errors and biases must be considered and minimized when designing a study to ensure reliable results

Relationship Between DMF and Water Hardness

  • Some studies have found an inverse relationship between DMF (Decay, Missing, Filled) and total water hardness
  • Trace elements such as selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium have been found to have an impact on dental caries

Impact of Selenium, Molybdenum, and Vanadium

  • High levels of selenium in water and food have been linked to an increase in dental caries
  • Molybdenum and vanadium, on the other hand, have been found to have caries-inhibiting influences

Urbanization and Dental Caries

  • Urbanization has been linked to an increase in dental caries, possibly due to the type of diet in urban areas (refined and freely fermentable carbohydrates)

Social Factors and Dental Caries

  • Good economic status and social pressure to maintain good oral health can create demand for dental treatment

Indices Used for Assessment of Dental Caries

  • Criteria for caries diagnosis should be defined before examination
  • Common definition of caries diagnosis is a tooth with a detectably soft floor and/or some undermined enamel or break-down in pit or fissure walls

Types of Indices Used

  • Indices of dental caries can be divided into three categories: permanent dentition, primary dentition, and mixed dentition
  • Indices can express either the number of teeth or surfaces affected
  • All caries indices reflect cumulative experience and do not indicate whether the caries process is active at the time of examination

Indices Used for Permanent Dentition

  • Prevalence Index: simplest index used for measuring dental caries, describes whether the disease is present or absent
  • Slack Index: sensitive classification of the extent of carious lesions

Indices Used for Primary Dentition

  • dmf Index: used to score the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth in the primary dentition
  • dmfs Index: used to score the number of surfaces decayed, missing, and filled in the primary dentition

Indices Used for Mixed Dentition

  • def Index: used for children older than age six or seven

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