57 Questions
What does the concept of Life-Span Perspective include?
A view of development as a lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual process
Which aspect of development focuses on the growth of the body and brain?
Physical Development
Which issue addresses the degree to which development involves cumulative change?
Continuity-Discontinuity
What is described as the concept of learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity?
Cognitive Development
Which term describes the emotions, personality, and social relationships aspect of development?
Psychosocial Development
What does heritability specifically refer to?
The proportion of variability in a trait that can be linked to genetic differences
Which research design is used to determine the genetic basis of traits by comparing biological and adoptive relatives?
Adoption studies
What is the focus of behavioral genetics?
The extent to which genetic and environmental differences are responsible for traits
What does a high concordance rate indicate?
A high percentage of pairs displaying the same trait if one member does
Which attribute is selectively bred in animals to study its heritability?
Activity level in rodents
What does a son experiencing the Oedipus Complex fear will happen as a result of his desires?
Being punished by his father through castration
How is the Electra Complex resolved in girls?
Identification with the mother
What underlying fear does 'Castration Anxiety' pertain to in psychosexual development?
Fear of physical punishment from the father
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting an unwanted feeling from a more threatening person to a weaker one?
Displacement
What phase of psychosexual development involves sublimating sexual urges into sports and hobbies?
Latency phase
Which principle emphasizes the importance of fair and just treatment to access and benefit from psychological practices?
Justice
Which component is NOT included under the principle of Respect for People's Rights and Dignity?
Contributing to knowledge about human behavior
What is a core requirement emphasized under the Competent Caring principle?
Do no harm
Which of the following is emphasized by the Integrity principle?
Honesty and accurate communication
What is a key responsibility highlighted under Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society?
Contributing knowledge about human behavior
Which term describes the genetic makeup causing a child to evoke specific reactions from others?
Evocative Gene-Environment
What consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by parents?
Heredity
Which context of development includes the combination of economic and social factors?
Socioeconomic Status
What is described as the overgeneralization that obscures variations within a society?
Ethnic Gloss
Which term is defined as the modifiability of performance in development?
Plasticity
Under which condition is informed consent not required for conducting research?
In a study of normal educational practices in educational settings
Which of the following is NOT a condition for dispensing with informed consent?
Confidentiality is not protected
When is it necessary for researchers to obtain permission for recording images or voices?
When research involves interviews in private homes
What should be avoided to prevent coercion in research participation?
Offering excessive monetary incentives
What must researchers do when their study involves deception?
Justify the use of deceptive techniques in the study and discuss as early as possible
What obligation do researchers have regarding the data of other competent professionals who intend to reanalyze it after publication?
Share the data only for the declared purpose
What must researchers ensure when using animal subjects in their studies?
Justify and minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain
What principle regarding authorship credit must researchers adhere to?
Take credit only for work they have substantially contributed to
Which type of study is most likely to encounter ethical issues due to manipulation?
Experiment
Which research design is valuable in debunking the logic that Western developed theories can be universally applied?
Ethnographic study
Which type of research design is specifically noted for its low external validity?
Descriptive study
Which study type lacks random assignment and controls over extraneous variables?
Correlational study
Which of the following types of studies is best for establishing cause-and-effect relationships?
Experiment
Which research design can study multiple influences operating in natural settings?
Correlational study
Which research method is particularly noted for being open to observer bias?
Ethnographic study
Which type of study aims to explore sources of behavior and test treatments, but does not permit strong causal statements?
Case study
Which developmental theory states that children are born with an inherent goodness and develop negatively only when corrupted by society?
Noble Savages
What type of change involves an increase in number or amount, addressing aspects such as height or vocabulary size?
Quantitative Change
Which concept in developmental theories deals with the sudden appearance of new qualities that were not present before?
Qualitative Change
Which developmental model suggests that individuals generate their own development by initiating events?
Organismic Model
According to which theory, people are likened to machines that only respond to environmental input?
Mechanistic Model
Which developmental perspective emphasizes genetic predispositions as the primary driver of development?
Nativist Perspective
Who proposed that all children acquire language in the same manner?
Noam Chomsky
Which principle from the APA General Principles emphasizes the importance of minimizing harm?
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Which study design allows researchers to track the same individuals over an extended period to observe long-term trends?
Longitudinal
What is a significant disadvantage of the cross-sectional study design?
It cannot determine causation due to its snapshot nature.
Which type of research design is described when data are collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples?
Sequential
Which developmental theory emphasizes the role of innate biological drives and early experiences in shaping later behavior?
Psychosexual Theory
What characteristic differentiates a quasi-experiment from other experimental designs?
Natural assignment to groups due to circumstances beyond the researcher's control.
Which drawback is common to both longitudinal and sequential study designs?
Time-consuming and expensive.
Why can longitudinal studies provide insight into individual patterns of continuity and change?
They observe the same individuals over an extended period.
What is one main advantage of using a sequential study design?
It combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, thus separating age-related changes from cohort effects.
Study Notes
Research Design Overview
- Quasi-Experiment: compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances that are out of the researcher's control.
Study Types
Cross-Sectional Studies
- Children of different ages are assessed at one point in time to find differences
- Pros: more economical, quicker to conduct
- Cons: cannot find causes and effects, results can be affected by differences due to social/historical context
Longitudinal Studies
- Study the same people over time, can be conducted over years
- Pros: provides insight into long-term trends, tracks individual differences and change over time
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, possibility of participant drop-out, more difficult to control confounding variables
Sequential Studies
- Collect data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples
- Pros: allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects, offers a more complete picture of development
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, requires more than one researcher, may require a larger number of participants for each sample
Developmental Theories
Psychosexual Theory by Freud
- Humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression
- These drives are shaped by early experiences
- People are driven by motives and emotional conflicts
- They may not be aware that their motivations stem from early experiences
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians
- Must appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, or assent
- Permission for recording images or voices is needed unless the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places or research designed includes deception
- Consent must be obtained during debriefing
Developmental Psychology
Learning
- How a person adapts to the environment
Behavioral Genetics
- Scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits
Heritability
- Proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals
Research Designs
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Family Studies
Concordance Rate
- The percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too
General Principles of APA
Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples
- Respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs
- Free and informed consent
- Privacy, fairness, and justice
Learn about different research design types, including quasi-experiments, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies. Understand their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
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