Research Design Overview: Types of Studies

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Questions and Answers

What does the concept of Life-Span Perspective include?

A focus on the systematic processes of change and stability in people

The transitional state that tells a person is fully functional

A view of development as a lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual process (correct)

The scientific study of early traits and characteristics that persist through life

Which aspect of development focuses on the growth of the body and brain?

Physical Development (correct)

Social Construction

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Which issue addresses the degree to which development involves cumulative change?

Social Construction

Stability-Change Issue

Continuity-Discontinuity (correct)

Maturation

What is described as the concept of learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity?

Cognitive Development Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the emotions, personality, and social relationships aspect of development?

Psychosocial Development Signup and view all the answers

What does heritability specifically refer to?

The proportion of variability in a trait that can be linked to genetic differences Signup and view all the answers

Which research design is used to determine the genetic basis of traits by comparing biological and adoptive relatives?

Adoption studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of behavioral genetics?

The extent to which genetic and environmental differences are responsible for traits Signup and view all the answers

What does a high concordance rate indicate?

A high percentage of pairs displaying the same trait if one member does Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute is selectively bred in animals to study its heritability?

Activity level in rodents Signup and view all the answers

What does a son experiencing the Oedipus Complex fear will happen as a result of his desires?

Being punished by his father through castration Signup and view all the answers

How is the Electra Complex resolved in girls?

Identification with the mother Signup and view all the answers

What underlying fear does 'Castration Anxiety' pertain to in psychosexual development?

Fear of physical punishment from the father Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting an unwanted feeling from a more threatening person to a weaker one?

Displacement Signup and view all the answers

What phase of psychosexual development involves sublimating sexual urges into sports and hobbies?

Latency phase Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of fair and just treatment to access and benefit from psychological practices?

Justice Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT included under the principle of Respect for People's Rights and Dignity?

Contributing to knowledge about human behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a core requirement emphasized under the Competent Caring principle?

Do no harm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is emphasized by the Integrity principle?

Honesty and accurate communication Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility highlighted under Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society?

Contributing knowledge about human behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the genetic makeup causing a child to evoke specific reactions from others?

Evocative Gene-Environment Signup and view all the answers

What consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by parents?

Heredity Signup and view all the answers

Which context of development includes the combination of economic and social factors?

Socioeconomic Status Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the overgeneralization that obscures variations within a society?

Ethnic Gloss Signup and view all the answers

Which term is defined as the modifiability of performance in development?

Plasticity Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition is informed consent not required for conducting research?

In a study of normal educational practices in educational settings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition for dispensing with informed consent?

Confidentiality is not protected Signup and view all the answers

When is it necessary for researchers to obtain permission for recording images or voices?

When research involves interviews in private homes Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent coercion in research participation?

Offering excessive monetary incentives Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers do when their study involves deception?

Justify the use of deceptive techniques in the study and discuss as early as possible Signup and view all the answers

What obligation do researchers have regarding the data of other competent professionals who intend to reanalyze it after publication?

Share the data only for the declared purpose Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers ensure when using animal subjects in their studies?

Justify and minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain Signup and view all the answers

What principle regarding authorship credit must researchers adhere to?

Take credit only for work they have substantially contributed to Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study is most likely to encounter ethical issues due to manipulation?

Experiment Signup and view all the answers

Which research design is valuable in debunking the logic that Western developed theories can be universally applied?

Ethnographic study Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design is specifically noted for its low external validity?

Descriptive study Signup and view all the answers

Which study type lacks random assignment and controls over extraneous variables?

Correlational study Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of studies is best for establishing cause-and-effect relationships?

Experiment Signup and view all the answers

Which research design can study multiple influences operating in natural settings?

Correlational study Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is particularly noted for being open to observer bias?

Ethnographic study Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study aims to explore sources of behavior and test treatments, but does not permit strong causal statements?

Case study Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory states that children are born with an inherent goodness and develop negatively only when corrupted by society?

Noble Savages Signup and view all the answers

What type of change involves an increase in number or amount, addressing aspects such as height or vocabulary size?

Quantitative Change Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in developmental theories deals with the sudden appearance of new qualities that were not present before?

Qualitative Change Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental model suggests that individuals generate their own development by initiating events?

Organismic Model Signup and view all the answers

According to which theory, people are likened to machines that only respond to environmental input?

Mechanistic Model Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental perspective emphasizes genetic predispositions as the primary driver of development?

Nativist Perspective Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed that all children acquire language in the same manner?

Noam Chomsky Signup and view all the answers

Which principle from the APA General Principles emphasizes the importance of minimizing harm?

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

Which study design allows researchers to track the same individuals over an extended period to observe long-term trends?

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of the cross-sectional study design?

It cannot determine causation due to its snapshot nature. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design is described when data are collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples?

Sequential Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory emphasizes the role of innate biological drives and early experiences in shaping later behavior?

Psychosexual Theory Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates a quasi-experiment from other experimental designs?

Natural assignment to groups due to circumstances beyond the researcher's control. Signup and view all the answers

Which drawback is common to both longitudinal and sequential study designs?

Time-consuming and expensive. Signup and view all the answers

Why can longitudinal studies provide insight into individual patterns of continuity and change?

They observe the same individuals over an extended period. Signup and view all the answers

What is one main advantage of using a sequential study design?

It combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, thus separating age-related changes from cohort effects. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Design Overview

Quasi-Experiment: compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances that are out of the researcher's control.

Study Types

Cross-Sectional Studies

Children of different ages are assessed at one point in time to find differences
Pros: more economical, quicker to conduct
Cons: cannot find causes and effects, results can be affected by differences due to social/historical context

Longitudinal Studies

Study the same people over time, can be conducted over years
Pros: provides insight into long-term trends, tracks individual differences and change over time
Cons: time-consuming and expensive, possibility of participant drop-out, more difficult to control confounding variables

Sequential Studies

Collect data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples
Pros: allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects, offers a more complete picture of development
Cons: time-consuming and expensive, requires more than one researcher, may require a larger number of participants for each sample

Developmental Theories

Psychosexual Theory by Freud

Humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression
These drives are shaped by early experiences
People are driven by motives and emotional conflicts
They may not be aware that their motivations stem from early experiences

Ethical Considerations in Research

Seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians
Must appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, or assent
Permission for recording images or voices is needed unless the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places or research designed includes deception
Consent must be obtained during debriefing

Developmental Psychology

Learning

How a person adapts to the environment

Behavioral Genetics

Scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits

Heritability

Proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals

Research Designs

Twin Studies

Adoption Studies

Family Studies

Concordance Rate

The percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too

General Principles of APA

Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples

Respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs
Free and informed consent
Privacy, fairness, and justice

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Description

Learn about different research design types, including quasi-experiments, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies. Understand their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.