Research Design Overview: Types of Studies

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Questions and Answers

The Oedipus Complex describes a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards the ______.

father

The Electra Complex describes a girl having desire for her ______ and seeing her mother as a rival.

father

Castration Anxiety is when a son believes his father knows about his desire for his mother and fears that his father will ______ him.

castrate

Penis Envy occurs when a girl wants a ______ as she desires her father.

penis Signup and view all the answers

In the Latency stage, sexual urges are sublimated into ______ and hobbies.

sports Signup and view all the answers

Seek individual's ______, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians.

assent Signup and view all the answers

Must appropriately document written or oral ______, permission or assent.

consent Signup and view all the answers

Permission for recording images or vices are needed unless the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places, or research designed includes ______.

deception Signup and view all the answers

Dispense or Omitting Informed consent only when: Research would not create distress or ______.

harm Signup and view all the answers

Avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could ______ participation.

coerce Signup and view all the answers

Do not conduct study that involves ______ unless they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in the study.

deception Signup and view all the answers

Must ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of ______ subjects.

animal Signup and view all the answers

After publishing, they should not withhold data from other competent ______ who intends to reanalyze the data.

professionals Signup and view all the answers

Doubt is definitely going to eat you this review ______.

season Signup and view all the answers

I just want you to know that it is very ______ to feel that way.

VALID Signup and view all the answers

But always remember to go back to the ______ why you are doing this.

reason Signup and view all the answers

May this reviewer help you pass the ______ like it did to me and to many people that I know.

boards Signup and view all the answers

We will be ______.

remembered Signup and view all the answers

Evocative Gene-Environment refers to a child's ______ evoking certain kinds of reactions from other people.

genotype Signup and view all the answers

Heredity consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child's ______.

parents Signup and view all the answers

Socioeconomic Status is a combination of ______ and social factors describing an individual or family.

economic Signup and view all the answers

Ethnic Gloss is an overgeneralization that obscures or blurs ______.

variations Signup and view all the answers

Imprinting is when individuals instinctively follow the first moving ______ they see.

object Signup and view all the answers

______ Genetics is the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits.

Behavioral Signup and view all the answers

______ is the proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals.

Heritability Signup and view all the answers

______ Mendel studied heredity in plants.

Gregor Signup and view all the answers

______ Breeding involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable.

Selective Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Rate is the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too.

Concordance Signup and view all the answers

A ______ compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances.

quasi-experiment Signup and view all the answers

In a ______ study, children of different ages are assessed at one point in time.

cross-sectional Signup and view all the answers

A ______ study involves tracking the same people over time, often over many years.

longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

The ______ study collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples.

sequential Signup and view all the answers

______ theory by Freud suggests that humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression.

Psychosexual Signup and view all the answers

Cross-sectional studies cannot establish causes and effects as they are a ______ in time.

snapshot Signup and view all the answers

______ effects are important because they can affect the dependent measures in studies.

Cohort Signup and view all the answers

Freud's theory asserts that individuals may not be aware their motivations are shaped by early ______.

experiences Signup and view all the answers

Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples includes respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, and ______.

beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples involves working for their benefit and doing no ______.

harm Signup and view all the answers

Integrity includes honesty, truthfulness, and open and accurate ______.

communication Signup and view all the answers

Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society include contributing knowledge about human ______.

behavior Signup and view all the answers

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity involves respecting the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and ______.

self-determination Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions.

theory Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is an explanation or prediction that can be tested by further research.

hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

John Locke described children as a tabula rasa, which means a blank ______.

slate Signup and view all the answers

Jean Jacques Rousseau believed children are born ______ who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.

noble savages Signup and view all the answers

In the Mechanistic Model, people are like machines that react to ______ input.

environmental Signup and view all the answers

In the Organismic Model, people are seen as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion and do not just ______.

react Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] change refers to gradual and incremental change.

Continuous Signup and view all the answers

Noam Chomsky proposed that all children acquire ______ in the same way.

language Signup and view all the answers

Newborns are viewed as a seething ______ fueled by instincts.

cauldron Signup and view all the answers

A person's irrational, selfish needs and desires are driven by the ______-pleasure principle.

id Signup and view all the answers

A person's rational, realistic desires are guided by the ______-reality principle.

ego Signup and view all the answers

[Blank]-morality principle represents internalized moral standards.

Superego Signup and view all the answers

A person getting stuck in a stage of development is known as ______.

fixation Signup and view all the answers

Oral fixation in adults can manifest in behaviors such as ______, smoking, overeating, nail-biting, or thumb-sucking.

alcoholism Signup and view all the answers

Anal-retentive behavior can lead to being a ______, being tidy and orderly.

perfectionist Signup and view all the answers

Anal-expulsive behavior can lead to being messy and ______.

careless Signup and view all the answers

During the latency stage, sexual urges are sublimated into other ______.

activities Signup and view all the answers

The fear of a boy being castrated by his father due to his Incestuous desires is referred to as ______ anxiety.

castration Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive aims to observe and record ______.

behavior Signup and view all the answers

Case Study is a study of a certain ______ or group.

individual Signup and view all the answers

Ethnographic Studies seek to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society's way of ______.

life Signup and view all the answers

Correlational Study determines whether a ______ exists between variables.

correlation Signup and view all the answers

One limitation of Descriptive studies is that they cannot be easily ______ to other populations.

generalized Signup and view all the answers

An Experiment is a controlled procedure in which the experiment ______ variables to learn how one affects another.

manipulates Signup and view all the answers

In Ethnographic Studies, results can be open to observer ______.

bias Signup and view all the answers

One advantage of Correlational Studies is that they can study multiple influences operating in ______ settings.

natural Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Design Overview

Quasi-Experiment: compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances that are out of the researcher's control.

Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Sequential Studies

Cross-Sectional: studies children of different ages at one point in time to find differences; usually conducted on a large sample.
- Pros: more economical, quicker to conduct.
- Cons: cannot find causes and effects as it is a snapshot in time; results can be affected by differences due to social/historical context.
Longitudinal: studies the same people over time; can be conducted over years.
- Pros: provides insight into long-term trends, tracks individual differences and change over time.
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, possibility of participant drop-out, more difficult to control confounding variables.
Sequential: collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples.
- Pros: allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects, offers a more complete picture of development.
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, requires more than one researcher, may require a larger number of participants for each sample.

Developmental Theories

Psychosexual Theory by Freud:
- humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression.
- these drives are shaped by early experiences.
- people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts, which may not be aware that their motivations stem from early experiences.

Psychosexual Development

Oedipus Complex: a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards his father; the child resolves these feelings through identification with the father.
Electra Complex: a similar situation arises in girls, where they desire their father and feel hostility towards their mother; it is also resolved through identification with the mother.

Ethical Considerations in Research

Informed Consent: seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians.
Avoid Coercion: avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could coerce participation.
Deception: do not conduct a study that involves deception unless they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in the study.
Animal Welfare: ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects.

Developmental Psychology

Learning: how a person adapts to the environment.
Behavioral Genetics: the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits.
Heritability: the proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals.
Gregor Mendel: studied the heredity in plants.
Selective Breeding: involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable.

Research Designs

Twin Studies: studies the genetic and environmental contributions to a particular trait.
Adoption Studies: studies the genetic and environmental contributions to a particular trait by comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents.
Family Studies: studies the genetic and environmental contributions to a particular trait by examining the patterns of a particular trait within families.

Concordance Rate

the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too.

General Principles

Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples: respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs; free and informed consent; privacy, fairness, and justice.
Competent Caring: researchers should be competent and caring in their interactions with participants.

Developmental Psychology Theory

Theory: a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions.
Hypothesis: explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research.
John Locke: Tabula Rasa (blank slate); people are born without innate ideas and that all knowledge comes from experience.
Jean Jacques Rousseau: children are born "noble savages" who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.
Mechanistic Model: people are like machines that react to environmental input.
Organismic Model: people are active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react.
Continuous: gradual and incremental change.
Discontinuous: abrupt or uneven change.
Quantitative Change: change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size.
Qualitative Change: emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning.
Evolutionary Psychology: emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
Nativist Perspective: genes play a significant role in shaping behavior.
Empiricist Perspective: environment plays a significant role in shaping behavior.

Sexuality and Child Development

Sexually Driven Instinct: newborns are viewed as a "seething cauldron" fueled by instincts.
Instincts: inborn biological forces that motivate behavior.
Psychosexual Stages: stages of development that occur due to the interplay between the id, ego, and superego.
- Oral Stage: centers around the mouth where a child is experiencing oral gratification.
- Anal Stage: centers around toilet training, where a child learns self-control.
- Phallic Stage: centers around the genitals, where a child develops a sexual interest in their opposite-sex parent.
- Latency: sexual urges are sublimated into other activities.
- Genital Stage: physical sexual urges become reawakened.
Defense Mechanisms: people develop defense mechanisms to manage anxiety-producing feelings or to cope with conflicts between internal needs and societal demands.
- Repression: pushing unacceptable feelings into the subconscious.
- Regression: reverting to behaviors from a previous stage of development.
- Displacement: shifting unacceptable impulses towards a less threatening target.

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Description

Understand the different types of research studies, including quasi-experiments, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies. Learn about their descriptions, pros, and cons.