Podcast
Questions and Answers
The Oedipus Complex describes a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards the ______.
The Oedipus Complex describes a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards the ______.
father
The Electra Complex describes a girl having desire for her ______ and seeing her mother as a rival.
The Electra Complex describes a girl having desire for her ______ and seeing her mother as a rival.
father
Castration Anxiety is when a son believes his father knows about his desire for his mother and fears that his father will ______ him.
Castration Anxiety is when a son believes his father knows about his desire for his mother and fears that his father will ______ him.
castrate
Penis Envy occurs when a girl wants a ______ as she desires her father.
Penis Envy occurs when a girl wants a ______ as she desires her father.
In the Latency stage, sexual urges are sublimated into ______ and hobbies.
In the Latency stage, sexual urges are sublimated into ______ and hobbies.
Seek individual's ______, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians.
Seek individual's ______, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians.
Must appropriately document written or oral ______, permission or assent.
Must appropriately document written or oral ______, permission or assent.
Permission for recording images or vices are needed unless the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places, or research designed includes ______.
Permission for recording images or vices are needed unless the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places, or research designed includes ______.
Dispense or Omitting Informed consent only when: Research would not create distress or ______.
Dispense or Omitting Informed consent only when: Research would not create distress or ______.
Avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could ______ participation.
Avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could ______ participation.
Do not conduct study that involves ______ unless they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in the study.
Do not conduct study that involves ______ unless they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in the study.
Must ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of ______ subjects.
Must ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of ______ subjects.
After publishing, they should not withhold data from other competent ______ who intends to reanalyze the data.
After publishing, they should not withhold data from other competent ______ who intends to reanalyze the data.
Doubt is definitely going to eat you this review ______.
Doubt is definitely going to eat you this review ______.
I just want you to know that it is very ______ to feel that way.
I just want you to know that it is very ______ to feel that way.
But always remember to go back to the ______ why you are doing this.
But always remember to go back to the ______ why you are doing this.
May this reviewer help you pass the ______ like it did to me and to many people that I know.
May this reviewer help you pass the ______ like it did to me and to many people that I know.
We will be ______.
We will be ______.
Evocative Gene-Environment refers to a child's ______ evoking certain kinds of reactions from other people.
Evocative Gene-Environment refers to a child's ______ evoking certain kinds of reactions from other people.
Heredity consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child's ______.
Heredity consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child's ______.
Socioeconomic Status is a combination of ______ and social factors describing an individual or family.
Socioeconomic Status is a combination of ______ and social factors describing an individual or family.
Ethnic Gloss is an overgeneralization that obscures or blurs ______.
Ethnic Gloss is an overgeneralization that obscures or blurs ______.
Imprinting is when individuals instinctively follow the first moving ______ they see.
Imprinting is when individuals instinctively follow the first moving ______ they see.
______ Genetics is the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits.
______ Genetics is the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits.
______ is the proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals.
______ is the proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals.
______ Mendel studied heredity in plants.
______ Mendel studied heredity in plants.
______ Breeding involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable.
______ Breeding involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable.
The ______ Rate is the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too.
The ______ Rate is the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too.
A ______ compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances.
A ______ compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances.
In a ______ study, children of different ages are assessed at one point in time.
In a ______ study, children of different ages are assessed at one point in time.
A ______ study involves tracking the same people over time, often over many years.
A ______ study involves tracking the same people over time, often over many years.
The ______ study collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples.
The ______ study collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples.
______ theory by Freud suggests that humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression.
______ theory by Freud suggests that humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression.
Cross-sectional studies cannot establish causes and effects as they are a ______ in time.
Cross-sectional studies cannot establish causes and effects as they are a ______ in time.
______ effects are important because they can affect the dependent measures in studies.
______ effects are important because they can affect the dependent measures in studies.
Freud's theory asserts that individuals may not be aware their motivations are shaped by early ______.
Freud's theory asserts that individuals may not be aware their motivations are shaped by early ______.
Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples includes respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, and ______.
Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples includes respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, and ______.
Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples involves working for their benefit and doing no ______.
Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples involves working for their benefit and doing no ______.
Integrity includes honesty, truthfulness, and open and accurate ______.
Integrity includes honesty, truthfulness, and open and accurate ______.
Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society include contributing knowledge about human ______.
Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society include contributing knowledge about human ______.
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity involves respecting the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and ______.
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity involves respecting the dignity and worth of all people by exercising their rights to privacy, confidentiality, and ______.
A ______ is a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions.
A ______ is a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions.
A ______ is an explanation or prediction that can be tested by further research.
A ______ is an explanation or prediction that can be tested by further research.
John Locke described children as a tabula rasa, which means a blank ______.
John Locke described children as a tabula rasa, which means a blank ______.
Jean Jacques Rousseau believed children are born ______ who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.
Jean Jacques Rousseau believed children are born ______ who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.
In the Mechanistic Model, people are like machines that react to ______ input.
In the Mechanistic Model, people are like machines that react to ______ input.
In the Organismic Model, people are seen as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion and do not just ______.
In the Organismic Model, people are seen as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion and do not just ______.
[Blank] change refers to gradual and incremental change.
[Blank] change refers to gradual and incremental change.
Noam Chomsky proposed that all children acquire ______ in the same way.
Noam Chomsky proposed that all children acquire ______ in the same way.
Newborns are viewed as a seething ______ fueled by instincts.
Newborns are viewed as a seething ______ fueled by instincts.
A person's irrational, selfish needs and desires are driven by the ______-pleasure principle.
A person's irrational, selfish needs and desires are driven by the ______-pleasure principle.
A person's rational, realistic desires are guided by the ______-reality principle.
A person's rational, realistic desires are guided by the ______-reality principle.
[Blank]-morality principle represents internalized moral standards.
[Blank]-morality principle represents internalized moral standards.
A person getting stuck in a stage of development is known as ______.
A person getting stuck in a stage of development is known as ______.
Oral fixation in adults can manifest in behaviors such as ______, smoking, overeating, nail-biting, or thumb-sucking.
Oral fixation in adults can manifest in behaviors such as ______, smoking, overeating, nail-biting, or thumb-sucking.
Anal-retentive behavior can lead to being a ______, being tidy and orderly.
Anal-retentive behavior can lead to being a ______, being tidy and orderly.
Anal-expulsive behavior can lead to being messy and ______.
Anal-expulsive behavior can lead to being messy and ______.
During the latency stage, sexual urges are sublimated into other ______.
During the latency stage, sexual urges are sublimated into other ______.
The fear of a boy being castrated by his father due to his Incestuous desires is referred to as ______ anxiety.
The fear of a boy being castrated by his father due to his Incestuous desires is referred to as ______ anxiety.
Descriptive aims to observe and record ______.
Descriptive aims to observe and record ______.
Case Study is a study of a certain ______ or group.
Case Study is a study of a certain ______ or group.
Ethnographic Studies seek to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society's way of ______.
Ethnographic Studies seek to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society's way of ______.
Correlational Study determines whether a ______ exists between variables.
Correlational Study determines whether a ______ exists between variables.
One limitation of Descriptive studies is that they cannot be easily ______ to other populations.
One limitation of Descriptive studies is that they cannot be easily ______ to other populations.
An Experiment is a controlled procedure in which the experiment ______ variables to learn how one affects another.
An Experiment is a controlled procedure in which the experiment ______ variables to learn how one affects another.
In Ethnographic Studies, results can be open to observer ______.
In Ethnographic Studies, results can be open to observer ______.
One advantage of Correlational Studies is that they can study multiple influences operating in ______ settings.
One advantage of Correlational Studies is that they can study multiple influences operating in ______ settings.
Study Notes
Research Design Overview
- Quasi-Experiment: compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances that are out of the researcher's control.
Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Sequential Studies
- Cross-Sectional: studies children of different ages at one point in time to find differences; usually conducted on a large sample.
- Pros: more economical, quicker to conduct.
- Cons: cannot find causes and effects as it is a snapshot in time; results can be affected by differences due to social/historical context.
- Longitudinal: studies the same people over time; can be conducted over years.
- Pros: provides insight into long-term trends, tracks individual differences and change over time.
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, possibility of participant drop-out, more difficult to control confounding variables.
- Sequential: collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples.
- Pros: allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects, offers a more complete picture of development.
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, requires more than one researcher, may require a larger number of participants for each sample.
Developmental Theories
- Psychosexual Theory by Freud:
- humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression.
- these drives are shaped by early experiences.
- people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts, which may not be aware that their motivations stem from early experiences.
Psychosexual Development
- Oedipus Complex: a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards his father; the child resolves these feelings through identification with the father.
- Electra Complex: a similar situation arises in girls, where they desire their father and feel hostility towards their mother; it is also resolved through identification with the mother.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Informed Consent: seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians.
- Avoid Coercion: avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could coerce participation.
- Deception: do not conduct a study that involves deception unless they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in the study.
- Animal Welfare: ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects.
Developmental Psychology
- Learning: how a person adapts to the environment.
- Behavioral Genetics: the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits.
- Heritability: the proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals.
- Gregor Mendel: studied the heredity in plants.
- Selective Breeding: involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable.
Research Designs
- Twin Studies: studies the genetic and environmental contributions to a particular trait.
- Adoption Studies: studies the genetic and environmental contributions to a particular trait by comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents.
- Family Studies: studies the genetic and environmental contributions to a particular trait by examining the patterns of a particular trait within families.
Concordance Rate
- the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too.
General Principles
- Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples: respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs; free and informed consent; privacy, fairness, and justice.
- Competent Caring: researchers should be competent and caring in their interactions with participants.
Developmental Psychology Theory
- Theory: a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions.
- Hypothesis: explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research.
- John Locke: Tabula Rasa (blank slate); people are born without innate ideas and that all knowledge comes from experience.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: children are born "noble savages" who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society.
- Mechanistic Model: people are like machines that react to environmental input.
- Organismic Model: people are active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react.
- Continuous: gradual and incremental change.
- Discontinuous: abrupt or uneven change.
- Quantitative Change: change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size.
- Qualitative Change: emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning.
- Evolutionary Psychology: emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
- Nativist Perspective: genes play a significant role in shaping behavior.
- Empiricist Perspective: environment plays a significant role in shaping behavior.
Sexuality and Child Development
- Sexually Driven Instinct: newborns are viewed as a "seething cauldron" fueled by instincts.
- Instincts: inborn biological forces that motivate behavior.
- Psychosexual Stages: stages of development that occur due to the interplay between the id, ego, and superego.
- Oral Stage: centers around the mouth where a child is experiencing oral gratification.
- Anal Stage: centers around toilet training, where a child learns self-control.
- Phallic Stage: centers around the genitals, where a child develops a sexual interest in their opposite-sex parent.
- Latency: sexual urges are sublimated into other activities.
- Genital Stage: physical sexual urges become reawakened.
- Defense Mechanisms: people develop defense mechanisms to manage anxiety-producing feelings or to cope with conflicts between internal needs and societal demands.
- Repression: pushing unacceptable feelings into the subconscious.
- Regression: reverting to behaviors from a previous stage of development.
- Displacement: shifting unacceptable impulses towards a less threatening target.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Understand the different types of research studies, including quasi-experiments, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies. Learn about their descriptions, pros, and cons.
