Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary arterial supply to the testis?

  • Testicular artery (correct)
  • Pampiniform plexus
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Left renal artery

    • What is the role of the pampiniform plexus?

  • It stores unused sperm.
  • It carries sperm to the urethra.
  • It produces seminal fluid.
  • It cools arterial blood. (correct)

    • Which duct is responsible for sperm maturation and storage?

  • Efferent ductules
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Ductus deferens
  • Duct of the epididymis (correct)

    • Which accessory gland surrounds the urethra and is a common site for dysfunction in older men?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the internal urethral sphincter serve during ejaculation?

    <p>It prevents semen from entering the bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament supports the cervix and upper vagina?

    <p>Cardinal ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the spiral arteries in the uterus?

    <p>To regulate blood flow in the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the endometrium reach a thickness of 5-6 mm for potential embryonic implantation?

    <p>Secretory Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pouch is located between the uterus and the bladder?

    <p>Vesicouterine pouch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Spiral arteries constrict, causing tissue necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>It secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cilia in the uterine tubes?

    <p>To propel the oocyte toward the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if pregnancy does not take place after ovulation?

    <p>The corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans after involution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is located at the narrow end of the uterus?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers of the uterine wall is responsible for contractions during labor?

    <p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cervical canal play in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It serves as a passage for sperm to enter the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the uterus?

    <p>Pear-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the endometrium contribute to pregnancy?

    <p>It regenerates after menstruation and allows embryo attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the beginning of a new menstrual cycle?

    <p>Menstrual fluid discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is NOT part of the vaginal wall structure?

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glycogen play in the vaginal epithelium?

    <p>Inhibits pathogens by creating a low pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure surrounds the vagina and is a part of the female external genitalia?

    <p>Labia minora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands?

    <p>Lubricate the vulva and vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the female genitalia is analogous to the male bulbourethral glands?

    <p>Greater vestibular glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurs in the vaginal epithelium during puberty?

    <p>From simple cuboidal to stratified squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a component of the vulva?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Produce sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for regulating testicular temperature?

    <p>Dartos muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do the testes move through the inguinal canal?

    <p>Inguinal Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are Sertoli cells, and what is their primary function?

    <p>Cells that provide nutrients and form the blood–testis barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the primary sex organs in males?

    <p>Seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes external genitalia from internal genitalia in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Location and visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do interstitial cells (Leydig cells) play in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secrete testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is NOT involved in cooling arterial blood in the scrotum?

    <p>Spermatogenic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary sex characteristics in males typically develop during which phase of life?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do the ducts and glands serve in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Storage and transport of sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands?

    <p>Lubricate the penis and neutralize urine acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which erectile tissue surrounds the urethra and contributes to the formation of the glans?

    <p>Corpus spongiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of blood supply to the erectile tissues of the penis?

    <p>Internal pudendal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the process of oogenesis from spermatogenesis?

    <p>Oogenesis produces one functional gamete from each germ cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure anchors the ovaries to the pelvic wall?

    <p>Suspensory ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does ovulation typically occur in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Day 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the corpus cavernosa?

    <p>Anchor to the pubic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the ovaries after menopause?

    <p>Ovaries shrink and contain mostly scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for depositing semen into the vagina?

    <p>Shaft of the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the prepuce (foreskin)?

    <p>To protect the glans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Male Reproductive System

    • Key goal: Read the presentation, and then try to do quizzes.
    • Important Male Reproductive functions/organs needing attention.
    • Location to be noted
    • Important Male organs and functions to be noted.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Involves two parents creating genetically unique offspring.
    • Gametes include:
      • Sperm (small, motile, primarily DNA)
      • Egg (large, nutrient-rich)
    • Humans are classified by chromosomes (XY for males, XX for females).

    Reproductive System Overview

    • The female system produces eggs, receives sperm, supports fertilization, and harbors the fetus.
    • The male system produces sperm and delivers them.
    • The process takes 128 days.
    • Kidneys, after puberty, constantly generate sperms.
    • The locations of the female reproductive organs are:
      • Fallopian tubes
      • Ovaries
      • Uterus
      • Cervix
    • The locations of the male reproductive organs are:
      • Testes
      • Epididymis
      • Vas deferens
      • Seminal vesicles
      • Prostate gland
      • Urethra
      • Penis

    Reproductive System Overview (continued)

    • The male and female reproductive systems work together.
    • The male reproductive system produces sperm, which are delivered to the female reproductive system.
    • The female reproductive system receives and supports the development of a fertilized egg.
    • This process results in a new human being.

    Reproductive System Overview (continued)

    • Main organs, their functions, passage, Generates eggs and sperm
    • The male system produces and delivers sperm.
    • The female system produces eggs and receives sperm.

    Egg Cell Larger Than Sperm

    • Female egg cells are larger than male sperm cells.

    Male Genital Organs

    • The bladder is connected to the urethra through the prostate.
    • The urethra carries urine to the outside and is also part of the reproductive system.

    Male Perineum

    • Details about the male perineum, including anatomical regions and surface topography.

    Scrotum

    • The scrotum houses the testes
    • It is divided into two compartments by an internal septum, marked externally by the perineal raphe.
    • Cremaster and dartos muscles regulate temperature.
    • Pampiniform plexus also cools arterial blood.

    Scrotum (continued)

    • The cord passes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity.

    Scrotum (continued)

    • The scrotum regulates testicular temperature to 35°C.
    • Mechanisms include cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus.

    Testis

    • Oval organs (measuring 4 cm x 3 cm x 2.5 cm).
    • Covered by the tunica vaginalis and albuginea capsule.
    • Internally, connective tissue septa divide into lobules containing seminiferous tubules.

    Testis (continued)

    • The location where sperm are produced and partially mature
    • The testes develop near the kidneys during the abdominal phase.
    • During the inguinal phase, the testes move through the inguinal canal into the scrotum.
    • They are typically in the scrotum by birth.

    Testis (continued)

    • Seminiferous tubules are lined with germinal epithelium and sustentacular cells (Sertoli).
    • Sustentacular cells nourish sperm, form the blood-testis barrier, and secrete inhibin/androgens.
    • Interstitial cells (Leydig) secrete testosterone.
    • Rete testis is a network for sperm transport.

    Testis (continued)

    • Arterial supply from the testicular artery (low blood flow, low oxygen).
    • Venous drainage by the pampiniform plexus which cools arterial blood.
    • Veins drain into the inferior vena cava (right) and left renal vein (left).

    Ducts

    • Efferent ductules, duct of the epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens) and ejaculatory duct.
    • These tubes are important for sperm transport, maturation, and delivery.
    • Unused sperm are resorbed
    • The sperm takes 40-60 days to mature.

    Ducts (continued)

    • Ejaculatory duct: Formed from the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle duct.
    • Empties into the urethra.
    • Urethra: Shared by urinary and reproductive systems (prostatic, membranous, spongy).
    • During ejaculation, the internal urethral sphincter prevents urine and semen mixing.

    Accessory Glands

    • Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands provide fluids nourishing sperm during ejaculation.

    Penis

    • Deposits semen into the vagina.
    • The penis is composed of erectile tissues (corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa).
    • Erection is due to increased blood flow into the erectile tissues.

    Penis (continued)

    • The shaft and glans are external parts, and the root and erectile tissues are internal.
    • Blood supply through internal pudendal arteries, via dorsal and deep arteries.
    • Deep arteries dilate, filling lacunae, causing swelling and elongation (parasympathetic activation).

    Female Reproductive System

    • Title of the lecture for the female reproductive system.

    Reproductive System Overview (continued)

    • The female and male have analogous organ systems.

    Ovary

    • Produces egg cells (ova) and sex hormones.
    • Approximately 3 cm x 1.5 cm x 1 cm.
    • Located in the ovarian fossa of the posterior pelvic wall.
    • Has a tunica albuginea capsule.

    Ovary (continued)

    • Has internally connective tissue septa, into lobules containing seminiferous tubules.
    • Medulla, contains fibrous tissue, with arteries and veins.
    • Cortex, houses ovarian follicles, where eggs develop.

    Ovary (continued)

    • Ovaries are supported by ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament and mesovarium.
    • The ovaries receive blood from the ovarian branch of the uterine artery and ovarian artery.

    Ovary (continued)

    • Oogenesis is the process of egg production in females, while spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production in males.
    • Oogenesis is a rhythmic process called the ovarian cycle.
    • Oogenesis produces one functional gamete from an oogonium (while other daughter cells become polar bodies and degenerate).

    Ovary (continued)

    • Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle and lasts around 2-3 minutes
    • Follicle Rupture (a stigma forms on the ovarian surface, the mature follicle releases the oocyte).
    • Corpus Luteum Formation (the ruptured follicle collapses and fills with granulosa and theca interna cells).

    Ovary (continued)

    • If no pregnancy, the corpus luteum undergoes involution becoming a corpus albicans.
    • If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum stays active.
    • These ovarian events are synchronized with uterine changes.

    Uterine Tubes

    • The ovulated oocyte enters the uterine tube.
    • The uterine tube has four parts: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus , and mesosalpinx.
    • The function of the uterine tube is to propel the oocyte toward the uterus.

    Uterus

    • The uterus is a thick, muscular chamber and is tilted forward over the bladder.
    • Its primary functions are to harbor the fetus, provide nutrition via the placenta, and expel the fetus at the end of gestation.

    Uterus (continued)

    • There are three layers in the uterine wall: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.
    • The perimetrium is the outer serosa, while the myometrium is the thick middle layer of smooth muscle. The endometrium is the inner mucosa, and is divided into a functional layer (shed during menstruation) and a basal layer (regenerates the functional layer).

    Uterus (continued)

    • The uterus is supported by the muscular floor of the pelvic outlet and peritoneal folds (broad ligament, containing mesosalpinx and mesometrium).
    • Cardinal ligaments support the cervix and upper vagina.
    • Uterosacral ligaments attach the uterus to the sacrum.
    • Round ligaments extend from the uterus to the labia majora via the inguinal canals.

    Uterus (continued)

    • The peritoneum creates two key pouches: vesicouterine and rectouterine pouches.
    • The uterine blood supply is crucial for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, coming from branches of the internal iliac artery.
    • Smaller branches called arcuate arteries extend through the myometrium, forming spiral arteries.

    Uterus (continued)

    • The uterine histology changes throughout the average 28-day menstrual cycle.
    • The cycle consists of proliferative, secretory, and premenstrual phases, where endometrial tissue is rebuilt, thickens, and eventually sheds.

    Vagina

    • 8-10 cm tube with roles in menstrual discharge, intercourse, and childbirth.
    • Distensible wall with three layers (adventitia, muscularis, mucosa).
    • Lacks glands, lubricated by transudation and cervical mucus.
    • Surrounds the cervix with blind spaces (fornices).

    Vagina (continued)

    • Rugae: Transverse ridges that enhance stimulation during intercourse.
    • Hymen: Membrane at the vaginal orifice, often ruptured during intercourse.
    • Epithelium: Simple cuboidal (childhood) to stratified squamous (puberty), producing glycogen and maintaining a low pH to inhibit pathogens.

    External Genitalia

    • The external female genitalia or vulva includes several structures:
      • Mons pubis
      • Labia majora
      • Labia minora
      • Clitoris

    Homologous Organs in Genital System

    • Homologous structures arise from the same embryonic tissue and adapt to male or female functions in the reproductive system.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of key concepts in reproductive system anatomy and physiology with this quiz. Questions cover arterial supply, sperm maturation, and the menstrual cycle, offering a comprehensive overview of essential functions and structures. Ideal for students of anatomy and physiology.

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