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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
Which condition would a person experience if they have a lesion on the lower neuron involving the sacral micturition center?
What does nephrotic syndrome produce?
Why would a person with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) be prescribed glucose and insulin?
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Which mechanism protects the urinary tract from infection?
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If a person's glomerular filtration membrane (visceral epithelium) is injured, which structure would be affected?
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What is the typical assessment finding in a person with Crohn's Disease?
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Which nutrient is most affected in a person with problems with lacteals?
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In a person with alcoholic liver disease, what sequence best describes the development of the disease?
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What is the primary function of Kupffer cells located in the sinusoids of the liver?
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Which condition is correctly matched with its pathophysiologic process?
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What is the main pathophysiologic characteristic of gluten sensitivity?
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What is the primary pathophysiologic characteristic of necrotizing enteropathy?
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In which condition would a person experience a succession splash upon abdominal jarring?
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What major pathophysiologic process occurs in a person with cirrhosis due to intrahepatic portal hypertension?
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Which intervention is most appropriate for a person with severe acute malnutrition?
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Which assessment finding is typical for a person with alcoholic liver disease?
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What is the primary role of gastroferrin secreted by parietal cells?
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Which statement is correct regarding the presence of IgA in saliva?
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What is the major consequence of muscle hyperplasia in pyloric stenosis?
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Which nutrient will be significantly affected in a person with lacteal problems?
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What is the primary role of Kupffer cells located in the sinusoids of the liver?
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What is the innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter?
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In an individual with AKI, why might glucose and insulin be prescribed?
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Which mechanism protects the urinary tract from infection?
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What is the effect of nephrotic syndrome on susceptibility to infection?
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Why does a person with low sodium levels stimulate the RAAS system?
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What is one of the functions of podocytes within the glomerular filtration membrane?
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What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
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What does edema associated with nephrotic syndrome correlate with?
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How does detrusor areflexia relate to lower neuron lesions involving the sacral micturition center?
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Study Notes
Glomerular Filtration Membrane
- Injuries to the glomerular filtration membrane (visceral epithelium) affect podocytes.
Innervation of the Urinary System
- The bladder and internal urethral sphincter are innervated by the PSNS.
Renal Response to Low Sodium Levels
- The body responds to low sodium levels by stimulating the RAAS system in the renal system.
Forces Favoring Filtration
- Capillary hydrostatic pressure is one of the forces favoring filtration in the glomerulus.
Function of the Loop of Henle
- The primary function of the loop of Henle is to establish a hyperosmotic state within the medullary interstitial fluid.
Lesions on the Lower Neuron
- A lesion on the lower neuron involving the sacral micturition center leads to detrusor areflexia.
Mechanisms Protecting the Urinary Tract
- Acidic urine is one of the mechanisms that protect the urinary tract from infection.
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Nephrotic syndrome leads to susceptibility to infection.
Treatment of AKI
- Glucose and insulin are prescribed to reduce serum potassium concentration in individuals with AKI.
Chronic Renal Failure
- Individuals with chronic renal failure often develop hypocalcemia.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Infants
- Infants produce a more dilute urine compared to adults.
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
- Children with unilateral renal agenesis have a hypertrophied kidney.
Edema with Nephrotic Syndrome
- Edema with nephrotic syndrome is associated with aldosterone concentration.
UTI in Children
- Incontinence in a previously dry child is a typical assessment finding for UTI.
Platelet Clustering
- Platelet clustering in damaged vessels produces thrombocytopenia.
Nephron Tubules
- Epithelial cells are responsible for reabsorption and secretion in the nephron tubules.
Saliva Composition
- Saliva contains IgA.
Gastric Secretions
- Parietal cells secrete gastroferrin.
Lacteals and Nutrient Absorption
- Problems with lacteals affect fat absorption.
Gastrocolic Reflex
- The gastrocolic reflex initiates propulsion of the entire colon.
Liver Function
- Kupffer cells in the sinusoids of the liver remove bacteria from the blood in the hepatic circulation.
Disorders of Motility
- A succession splash from jarring of the abdomen occurs in pyloric obstruction.
Crohn's Disease
- Noncaseating granulomas are a typical finding in Crohn's Disease.
Portal Hypertension
- Monitoring for hematemesis is an appropriate intervention for individuals with portal hypertension.
Alcoholic Liver Disease
- The sequence of development of alcoholic liver disease is steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis.
Colorectal Cancer
- Narrow and pencil-shaped stools are a typical assessment finding in individuals with cancer in the left descending colon.
Pyloric Stenosis
- Pyloric stenosis is associated with muscle hyperplasia.
Intussusception
- Currant-jelly stools are a typical assessment finding in infants with intussusception.
Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
- The pathophysiologic process of gluten-sensitive enteropathy involves T-cell mediated autoimmune injury to the intestinal epithelial cells.
Necrotizing Enteropathy
- Necrotizing enteropathy is characterized by noxious substances damaging the intestines.
Intrahepatic Portal Hypertension
- Intrahepatic portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis.
Severe Acute Malnutrition
- Severe acute malnutrition is a state of starvation associated with food shortages, also known as marasmus.
Gluten Sensitivity
- The major pathophysiologic characteristic of gluten sensitivity is an autoimmune injury to the intestinal epithelial cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the renal system with questions related to glomerular filtration, the RAAS system, and the function of the loop of Henle. Identify structures affected by glomerular filtration membrane injury, responses to low sodium levels, and forces favoring filtration in the glomerulus.
