Religious Slavery and Forced Labor Practices
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Questions and Answers

What is a method suggested for combating cultural practices that involve slavery?

  • Ignoring local beliefs to implement change
  • Imposing laws without community involvement
  • Enforcing cultural relativism in communities
  • Education of girls and community leaders (correct)

Which of the following statements best differentiates slavery from forced labor?

  • Slavery involves personal ownership, whereas forced labor is exaction under threat. (correct)
  • Forced labor is voluntary work under duress.
  • Slavery is only applicable to children, while forced labor includes adults.
  • All forced labor constitutes slavery, regardless of context.

What is a fundamental principle outlined by the ILO regarding forced labor?

  • Encouragement of all types of labor
  • Recognition of forced labor as voluntary
  • Support for state-imposed labor regulations
  • Elimination of forced labor practices (correct)

Which country is cited as an example where forced labor is exacted by the state?

<p>China (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is suggested to engage communities in addressing harmful cultural practices?

<p>Education and employment of locals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intention behind calling actions against a population as 'genocide'?

<p>To garner international attention and action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'carrot/stick' approach?

<p>Providing rewards for good behavior and penalties for misconduct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the involuntary movement of individuals from re-education camps to work in factories?

<p>Forced migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the vulnerability of children in armed conflicts?

<p>Marital status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of UNSC Resolution 2272?

<p>It established penalties for sexual exploitation and abuse within UN missions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern regarding the interaction of peacekeepers with local trafficking networks?

<p>Not all peacekeepers are UN staff, complicating accountability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of organ selling, what is cited as a root cause of the problem?

<p>Structural social-economic inequalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about early and forced marriages is true?

<p>They can sometimes be a choice to evade other grave violations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue with the forced labor system in the United States prisons?

<p>Those convicted of crimes may be subjected to forced labor due to a loophole in the 13th amendment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization focuses on the worst forms of child labor as defined by international law?

<p>ILO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions under which children may be engaged in light work according to the ILO?

<p>Light work should not interfere with their education or well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the intended outcome of the Harkin-Engel Protocol?

<p>Eliminate child labor from cocoa plantations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge faced by corporations regarding the exploitation of children on cocoa plantations?

<p>They cannot be held accountable for actions taking place outside their operational countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the role of the state in the forced labor system within prisons?

<p>To enforce forced labor for the benefit of private companies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes child soldiers from other children in armed conflicts?

<p>They may be victims of recruitment and exploitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be sought as a priority in any situation involving children, according to international conventions?

<p>The best interest of the child. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of child labor laws, what is stipulated for hazardous work according to ILO Convention 138?

<p>Children can start hazardous work at age 16 under certain conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice involves virgin girls being sacrificed to the gods to atone for male family members' crimes?

<p>Trokosi Practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the justification for not adhering to international human rights standards based on cultural norms?

<p>Cultural Relativism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of modern slavery, what does the term 'Prison Labor' refer to?

<p>In-house labor with low wages for maintenance jobs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of companies utilizing prison labor?

<p>They contribute to increased rates of mass incarceration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Uyghurs subjected to in China's so-called 're-education camps'?

<p>Forced labor under strict conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does North Korea control the freedom of movement of its citizens?

<p>By requiring official permission to leave the country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major issues faced by individuals released from the Trokosi system?

<p>They are ostracized and face rehabilitation challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rationale does the Chinese government provide for the internment of Uyghurs?

<p>To combat religious extremism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant misconception about child soldiers?

<p>They are only boys from Africa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary issues affecting children in armed conflicts?

<p>Killing and maiming. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a growing concern in relation to children during warfare?

<p>Abduction of children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor in the current humanitarian landscape?

<p>Growing humanitarian needs due to climate disasters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental need before addressing higher levels on the hierarchy of needs?

<p>Safety and security needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do humanitarians play in times of complex emergencies?

<p>They undertake assistance, protection, and advocacy activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue during peacekeeping missions?

<p>Trafficking and sexual exploitation of victims. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process can lead to the repatriation of peacekeeping forces?

<p>Widespread and systematic abuse by a unit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a barrier to accountability in peacekeeping operations?

<p>Home countries sometimes cover up abuses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common practice in the devadasi system?

<p>Girls are often exploited by temple patrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the perception of devadasi practice changed over time?

<p>From divine respect to one of exploitation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of violence and conflict on children?

<p>Physical, psychological, and developmental harm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of humanitarian action?

<p>Local involvement and empowerment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the demand for services provided by trafficking victims in post-conflict areas?

<p>Lack of economic opportunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is considered the most important in humanitarian actions?

<p>Humanity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor that has increased child labor during the Covid-19 pandemic?

<p>Economic downturn affecting family income (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Harkin-Engel Protocol?

<p>To establish a voluntary certification system regarding child labor in cocoa production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six grave violations against children during armed conflict as stated in the Children and Armed Conflicts Annual Report?

<p>Recruitment and Use, Killing and Maiming, Rape, Abduction, Denial of Humanitarian Access, Attacks on Schools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does UNSC Resolution 2272 specifically address concerning UN peacekeepers?

<p>The accountability of peacekeepers involved in sexual trafficking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of organ trafficking, what is called into question regarding the role of medical practitioners?

<p>Their part in facilitating the organ selling and buying industry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant cultural factor that perpetuates the devadasi system in India?

<p>Economic necessity and societal pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge in collecting data on child, early, and forced marriages in armed conflict areas?

<p>Stigmatization of victims and fear of reporting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the definitions of forced or compulsory labor?

<p>Involuntary work accepted under duress or threats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the North-South Divide relate to organ trafficking?

<p>Wealthier recipients often come from the North while sellers are from the South (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary motivation for the state-imposed forced labor mentioned in the context of the Uyghurs?

<p>Political repression under the guise of labor needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for effectively reducing child labor in cocoa plantations according to the content discussed?

<p>Providing decent work opportunities for adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the differentiation between smuggled migrants and trafficked people present a challenge for policymakers?

<p>It blurs the distinction between legitimate travel and coercion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outlines a consequence of children's involvement in armed conflicts?

<p>Increased vulnerability to exploitation and trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the smuggling of migrants considered a response to legal migration constraints?

<p>It circumvents legal requirements and offers a hidden route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Religious Slavery

Ancient practices, still seen in some areas, that involve forced labor and/or exploitation because of religious beliefs.

Forced Labor (ILO Convention)

Work or service enforced by threat of penalty, without voluntary commitment (ILO Convention N.29).

Forced Labor - State vs. Private

Forced labor can happen through government compulsion ('vertical' dimension) or private entities/companies ('horizontal' dimension).

Child Labor

Employing children in hazardous or otherwise inappropriate work situations.

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Genocide

Intentional action to eliminate a category of people, intending to reduce the population within a specific group.

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Universal Human Rights vs. Cultural Relativism

Balancing fundamental human rights with the acceptance of different cultures or beliefs. This balancing sometimes creates conflict.

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Neocolonialism

Continued political and economic control by a former colonial ruler, often disguised as economic and trade agreements.

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Cultural Sensitization

Understanding and respecting different cultures. Crucial for addressing issues like religious slavery and forced labor within diverse communities.

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Forced labor in prisons

A loophole in the 13th Amendment allows prisons to force incarcerated individuals to work for private companies with little pay and potentially dangerous jobs.

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Child Soldier

Any person under 18 recruited or used by an armed group in conflict. This includes duties like fighting, cooking, or spying.

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Corporate Responsibility (Cocoa)

Corporations involved in the cocoa supply chain are not always held accountable to international laws regarding child labor in cocoa production.

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Harkin-Engel Protocol

An agreement designed to reduce child labor on cocoa plantations, but its deadlines were not respected by corporations.

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Labor Exploitation (China)

Economic systems in developed countries rely on exploiting workers in developing countries like China, raising ethical concerns.

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North Korean Labor Camps

Individuals who flee North Korea are punished in labor camps with varying levels of severity based on the reason for leaving.

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Convention on the Rights of the Child

International agreement advocating for children's rights and education's importance with country-specific limitations.

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Minimum Age (Child Labor)

International laws set minimum ages for different types of work – light, hazardous, and others – depending on economic and educational conditions in each country.

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Best Interest of the Child

A principle that prioritizes the welfare of children in all situations, including labor situations, and must be actively pursued.

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Trokosi Practice

A traditional practice in some African communities where young girls are given to shrines as a form of atonement for a male relative's crime.

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Cultural Relativism

The belief that cultural practices should be understood and respected within their own context, even if they conflict with universal human rights.

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Prison Labor in the US

The use of incarcerated individuals for work within prisons or for private companies, often at low wages or without fair compensation.

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Kang Muico

North Korean forced labor camps for those accused of political crimes or attempting to escape.

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Uyghur Forced Labor

The forced labor of Uyghurs, an ethnic minority in China, used in factories to produce goods for both domestic and international markets.

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Modern Slavery

A broad term encompassing various forms of exploitation, including forced labor, debt bondage, human trafficking, and other situations where individuals are deprived of their freedom and exploited for profit.

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Supply Chain Integrity

Ensuring that products and services are produced ethically and sustainably, without exploitation or harmful practices in the entire chain from production to consumption.

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How to Combat Religious Slavery

Strategies include promoting human rights awareness within communities, working with local organizations to offer alternative livelihoods, providing education and rehabilitation for victims, and advocating for legal reform.

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Recruitment and use of children in armed conflicts

The act of forcing or encouraging children to join armed forces or groups.

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Killing and maiming of children

Physical harm to children in armed conflicts.

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Sexual Violence

Sexual abuse of a child during armed conflict

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Attacks on schools and hospitals

Intentional targeting of schools and hospitals during war.

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Humanitarian action

Helping people in crisis (like war, disasters) based on impartial help.

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Humanitarian Principles

Key ideas like humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence that guide humanitarian work.

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Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory: basic needs (food, shelter) must be met before higher needs.

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Peacekeeping

Maintaining peace and security in a region with operations involving military & police forces.

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Sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers

Prevalent problem in post-conflict regions, linked to the demand provided by trafficked victims.

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Resolution 2272

Mechanism for handling peacekeeper abuse; forces repatriation if 'credible evidence' of abuse.

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Devadasi Practice

Historical practice in India where girls are dedicated to a Hindu deity and often exploited.

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Violence and Conflict

Major driver of humanitarian needs, leading to displacement and suffering.

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Starvation as a weapon of war

Using lack of food as a method of harming civilians during conflicts.

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Denial of humanitarian access

Blocking aid from reaching those needing it.

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Grave Violations Against Children in War

Six serious acts of violence against children during wartime, including killing, maiming, abduction, sexual violence, recruitment, and attacks on schools/hospitals.

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Child Vulnerability Factors

Factors that increase a child's risk of being harmed during war, such as sex, age, disability, location, ethnicity, religion, and economic status.

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Under-Reporting of Early Marriage

The true extent of early and forced marriage is often unknown due to the secretive nature of the practice.

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UN Efforts Against Sexual Exploitation & Abuse

The UN has taken action against sexual exploitation and abuse by its personnel, but it wasn't until recently that serious consequences were implemented.

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Organ Trafficking: North-South Divide

The demand for organs often comes from wealthier countries where there's a shortage of donors, while the supply comes from poor countries where people sell organs due to poverty and inequality.

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Worst Forms of Child Labor

The most harmful types of child labor, including slavery, trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, and hazardous work.

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Child Labor in Cocoa Plantations

The use of children, often in hazardous conditions, in the production of cocoa, particularly in Cote d'Ivoire.

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What makes children vulnerable to being recruited?

Factors like poverty, lack of education, family instability, and armed conflict make children susceptible to being recruited into armed groups.

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Consequences of child involvement in armed conflict

Children suffer physical and psychological trauma, deprivation, and often are permanently scarred by their experiences.

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Child and Early Forced Marriage in Conflict

The practice of forcing girls into early or forced marriage as a coping mechanism during armed conflict.

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UNSC Resolution 2272

A resolution condemning sexual abuse by UN peacekeepers and establishing accountability measures.

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Peacekeepers and Human Trafficking

Peacekeepers can contribute to the demand for trafficked women and girls in conflict zones, sometimes even facilitating the crime.

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Organ Trafficking

The illegal trade of human organs, often driven by poverty, inequality, and a global demand.

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Ethical Issues of Organ Trafficking

The practice raises ethical concerns about commodifying human life, exploitation, and the role of medical professionals.

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Devadasi System

A traditional Indian practice that involves dedicating young girls to temples, often leading to sexual exploitation and forced labor.

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Cultural Relativism vs Human Rights

Balancing the need to respect cultural traditions with the need to protect human rights, which often leads to complex situations.

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Forced Labor Definitions

Forced labor involves work or service compelled by the threat of punishment, without free will. It can be imposed by the state or private entities.

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Study Notes

Religious Slavery

  • Ancient practice persists in some regions, including Southern India (Devadasi) and West Africa (Trokosi).
  • Devadasi practice in Southern India and Nepal involves the dedication of young women to a deity, often leading to exploitation by temple patrons.
  • Trokosi in West Africa involves dedicating girls as a sacrifice to atone for perceived male family transgressions.
  • Issues arise from clash of universal human rights and cultural/religious relativism. Western perspectives can be biased and insensitivity to cultural norms, but change is often resisted by community leaders and those within the communities.
  • Education (both of girls and the community) is crucial, along with foreign investment, economic incentives or sanctions and awareness campaigns.
  • Role of states, judges to apply, NGOs for local action, support and rehabilitation.

Forced Labor

  • Defined as work or service extracted under threat of penalty, without voluntary consent (ILO Convention N.29).
  • Distinguished from slavery through emphasis on involuntariness and penalties.
  • Four fundamental principles for combating forced labor include eliminating forced labor itself, allowing freedom of association, abolishing child labor, and ending employment discrimination.
  • State-imposed forced labor (vertical dimension): Includes compulsory military service, normal civic obligations, prison labor, and emergency services.
  • State-imposed forced labor exceptions should be justified.
  • Forced labor imposed by private entities (horizontal dimension): Includes child labor in global supply chains and state-controlled labor. Examples include the treatment of Uyghurs in China and the use of prison labor.

Forced Labor in China and North Korea

  • China: Forced labor of Uyghurs, moved to re-education camps and factories, forced to work for major companies to make manufactured goods, often under the guise of vocational training, and denied religious practices.

  • North Korea: Forced labor camps as punishment for fleeing, varying levels of punishment depending on the reason for escape (political vs survival), re-education and manual labor.

Forced Labor in the United States

  • Loophole in the 13th Amendment allows for forced labor of convicted criminals, creating a business model around prisons (in-house and industry labor).

Child Work vs. Child Labor

  • Convention on the Rights of the Child mandates primary education and considers the best interest of the child.
  • ILO Convention 138 sets minimum ages for work (15 for general work, 14 in economies with underdeveloped facilities, 18 for hazardous work). The ages decrease based on the need and level of development of the countries.
  • Light work may be permitted for children as young as age 13 provided that it doesn't endanger health or wellbeing, doesn't interfere with education, and is limited in hours (and no night work).
  • Worst forms of child labor (ILO Convention 182): Slavery, trafficking, forced labor, and certain hazardous work.

Cocoa Plantations

  • Consumers and corporations are responsible for international labor laws.
  • Cocoa production on small farms, intermediary role of corporations.
  • Harkin-Engel Protocol (voluntary certification for child labor) failed due to lack of corporate accountability.
  • HR/consumer NGOs have filed lawsuits, but courts have ruled that corporations are not responsible for international law. Difficulty in enforcing accountability across transnational corporations due to lack of legal jurisdictions.

Child Soldiers

  • Child soldiers are defined as individuals under 18 years of age recruited by armed forces or groups, in any capacity (fighters, cooks, etc).
  • Children are often primary victims of armed conflict and are disproportionately affected, especially in terms of physical, psychological, and developmental ramifications.
  • Recruitment and use of children in conflict pose significant challenges - especially in terms of their role as victims versus agents.

Humanitarian Action

  • 3 main drivers of humanitarian needs: violence and conflict, economic downturns, and natural hazards.
  • Humanitarian action includes assistance, protection, and advocacy activities.
  • Hierarchy of needs must be met for effective humanitarian aid.
  • Emphasis on local leadership and meaningful cooperation.
  • Accountability and maintaining humanitarian principles (humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence).

Human Trafficking & Peacekeeping

  • Trafficking and sexual exploitation/abuse are prevalent in post-conflict areas due to conflict. and often involved with UN and other peacekeepers as well.
  • UN peacekeeping personnel can fuel demand for trafficking services, with some engaging in this crime.
  • UNSC Resolution 2272 provides a mechanism for handling abuse through the repatriation of offending units.

Other Notable Topics

  • Smuggling of Migrants: Differences between smuggled and trafficked people are not always well-defined in practice.
  • Organ Trafficking: Driven by poverty, inequality, and the demand for organs; a grave ethical issue.

Important Note:

  • Many of these issues (religious slavery, forced labor, child labor, organ trafficking, etc.) are interconnected and often exacerbated by underlying social and economic inequalities.

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Description

This quiz explores the ancient practices of religious slavery, focusing on the Devadasi tradition in Southern India and the Trokosi system in West Africa. It examines the implications of these practices on human rights and cultural relativism, alongside the importance of education and community awareness in addressing these issues. Participants will gain insight into the complex interplay of tradition, exploitation, and societal change.

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