Podcast
Questions and Answers
What aspect of communication is emphasized in therapy for psychosis?
What aspect of communication is emphasized in therapy for psychosis?
What has research indicated about the efficacy of CBTp in treating psychosis?
What has research indicated about the efficacy of CBTp in treating psychosis?
What is a defining characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
What is a defining characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with generalized anxiety disorder?
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What cognitive feature is NOT one of the core characteristics of anxiety according to the cognitive behavioral theory?
What cognitive feature is NOT one of the core characteristics of anxiety according to the cognitive behavioral theory?
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How does the cognitive avoidance model explain the function of worry?
How does the cognitive avoidance model explain the function of worry?
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What is the most supported treatment for generalized anxiety disorder?
What is the most supported treatment for generalized anxiety disorder?
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Which of the following best describes a typical approach used in CBT for GAD?
Which of the following best describes a typical approach used in CBT for GAD?
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How does mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) primarily differ from traditional relapse prevention (RP)?
How does mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) primarily differ from traditional relapse prevention (RP)?
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What is the primary focus of Borland's CEOS theory?
What is the primary focus of Borland's CEOS theory?
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What is a potential negative outcome of CORT action during stress?
What is a potential negative outcome of CORT action during stress?
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Which hypothesis suggests that mild early-life adversity increases resilience to future challenges?
Which hypothesis suggests that mild early-life adversity increases resilience to future challenges?
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According to the cumulative stress hypothesis, what enhances vulnerability in individuals?
According to the cumulative stress hypothesis, what enhances vulnerability in individuals?
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What is the role of the executive system (ES) as described in Borland's theory?
What is the role of the executive system (ES) as described in Borland's theory?
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What does a diagnosis represent in clinical psychology?
What does a diagnosis represent in clinical psychology?
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What role does traumatic stress in early life play according to the provided content?
What role does traumatic stress in early life play according to the provided content?
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What is the primary purpose of the Mental State Exam (MSE)?
What is the primary purpose of the Mental State Exam (MSE)?
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What is the result of the bidirectional relationship between mental disorders and chronic diseases?
What is the result of the bidirectional relationship between mental disorders and chronic diseases?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the operational system (OS)?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the operational system (OS)?
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In the context of stress theories, what does 'stress sensitization' refer to?
In the context of stress theories, what does 'stress sensitization' refer to?
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How does comorbidity between chronic and mental disorders typically affect quality of life?
How does comorbidity between chronic and mental disorders typically affect quality of life?
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What does the term 'allostatic load' refer to?
What does the term 'allostatic load' refer to?
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What is a key characteristic of the two-factor theory of Mowrer?
What is a key characteristic of the two-factor theory of Mowrer?
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What is generally observed in refugees concerning mental health?
What is generally observed in refugees concerning mental health?
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What condition is characterized by the inability to see colors?
What condition is characterized by the inability to see colors?
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Which phenomenon describes the perception of contours around an object?
Which phenomenon describes the perception of contours around an object?
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What is the main emotional issue linked to the disruption of homeostatic balance in Bipolar Disorder?
What is the main emotional issue linked to the disruption of homeostatic balance in Bipolar Disorder?
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Which psychological model suggests that suicidal desire derives from a high sense of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness?
Which psychological model suggests that suicidal desire derives from a high sense of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness?
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What is the term for the general distortion of visual perception?
What is the term for the general distortion of visual perception?
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What does 'thin slicing' refer to in psychological research?
What does 'thin slicing' refer to in psychological research?
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What model indicates that certain individuals may develop behaviors when predisposed and exposed to stress?
What model indicates that certain individuals may develop behaviors when predisposed and exposed to stress?
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What is stated as an effective treatment approach for various disorders?
What is stated as an effective treatment approach for various disorders?
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What is the primary aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
What is the primary aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
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In which population is social anxiety disorder (SAD) most commonly reported?
In which population is social anxiety disorder (SAD) most commonly reported?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five subcategories of specific phobia (SP) according to the DSM-5?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five subcategories of specific phobia (SP) according to the DSM-5?
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What type of therapy is considered the benchmark treatment for specific phobias?
What type of therapy is considered the benchmark treatment for specific phobias?
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Which of the following is a common misconception about social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
Which of the following is a common misconception about social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
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What is a characteristic behavior of individuals with social anxiety disorder when they encounter social situations?
What is a characteristic behavior of individuals with social anxiety disorder when they encounter social situations?
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Which aspect of anxiety does the three-component model emphasize in the treatment of social anxiety disorder?
Which aspect of anxiety does the three-component model emphasize in the treatment of social anxiety disorder?
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What is the outcome of exposure therapy for phobias as highlighted in the content?
What is the outcome of exposure therapy for phobias as highlighted in the content?
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Study Notes
Relapse Prevention
- Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) is based on stress reduction and aims to improve abstinence and reduce relapse rates.
- Relapse prevention emphasizes the role of automatic processes and targets these processes by enhancing attention and acceptance.
- CEOS theory integrates social context, an adaptive operating system (OS) for automatic responses, and an executive system (ES) for self-regulation.
- Addiction is conceptualized as the ES monitoring the OS, indicating the constant struggle to manage automatic urges.
Stress & CORT
- CORT, including cortisol and corticosterone, is the end product of glucocorticoids and plays a vital role in stress response, regulating daytime and sleep-related events, and facilitating adaptation.
- Early-life traumatic stress acts as a significant risk factor for psychiatric disorders.
- The cumulative stress hypothesis suggests that vulnerability increases with repeated failures to cope with adversity.
- The stress inoculation hypothesis and match/mismatch hypothesis emphasize the importance of early-life adversity in preparing for future challenges and promoting resilience, with mismatches leading to increased vulnerability.
- The three-hit concept highlights the impact of early-life adversity, genetic vulnerability, and environmental stressors in shaping susceptibility to mental health disorders.
CBTp for Psychosis
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) has proven effective in treating positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, mood, hopelessness, and overall functioning.
- Mechanisms driving change in CBTp include reasoning processes, case formulation, homework assignments, and modification of negative self-beliefs.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety is a normal response, but excessive worry, difficulty controlling it for at least 6 months, and associated symptoms like restlessness, irritability, and sleep disturbance indicate Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
- GAD affects women twice as often as men and often co-occurs with Major Depression, leading to a less effective treatment response.
- Cognitive behavioral theory suggests that GAD is maintained by cognitive and behavioral cycles of worry, with key features including catastrophizing, overestimating negative outcomes, low tolerance for uncertainty, difficulty with problem-solving, and interpreting ambiguous events as threatening.
- Cognitive avoidance model proposes that worry functions as a negative reinforcement, suppressing upsetting imagery and reducing autonomic activation.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most supported treatment for GAD, helping patients identify, challenge, and restructure anxiety-related thoughts and beliefs.
- CBT for GAD is multimodal, encompassing psychoeducation, relaxation training, identification of worry cues, exposure techniques, among other interventions.
Social Anxiety Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) involves intense fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations, affecting 10-12% of the U.S. adult population.
- SAD often begins in childhood or adolescence, but treatment seeking is low.
- CBT is the most studied and effective treatment for SAD, aiming to modify maladaptive cognitions and reduce avoidance behaviors.
- Rapee and Heimberg's model highlights the specific thoughts and behaviors of individuals with SAD in social situations: fear of appearing inept, attention to cues of potential failure, monitoring physiological responses, and using safety behaviors to reduce anxiety.
- Evidence-based CBT for SAD includes psychoeducation, teaching the three-component model of anxiety, cost-benefit analysis of treatment, and restructuring automatic thoughts.
- CBT for SAD demonstrates large effect sizes in empirical data.
Specific Phobia
- Specific Phobias (SPs) are the most common anxiety disorders, characterized by persistent fear of specific objects or situations, leading to avoidance or high anxiety in their presence.
- SPs are categorized into five subcategories: animals, natural environments, blood-injection-injury, situations/spaces, and others.
- Exposure therapy is the most supported and effective treatment for SP, involving graded exposure to feared stimuli to reduce conditioned responses.
- Fear reduction is generalized through presenting phobic items in various contexts.
Clinical Psychology
- Clinical psychology integrates science and clinical knowledge for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychological distress, and for promoting well-being and development
- Syndromes are operationalized through diagnoses, which are defined sets of symptoms causing impairment and distress.
- A case formulation is a hypothesis on the causes, precipitants, and maintaining influences on an individual's well-being, serving as a dynamic, active, and ongoing process, though less scientific/reliable than formal diagnoses.
Two-Factor Theory of Mowrer
- A fear is created through classical conditioning (associating meaning with a stimulus) and operant conditioning (avoidance of the stimulus leads to relief).
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
- Liking (pleasure) turns into wanting and craving in addiction.
Mental State Exam (MSE)
- MSE is a structured assessment and observation tool for examining a person's mental state.
- It measures orientation (self, place, time, situation), insight, appearance, thought process/content, behavior, speech, mood, affect, memory, and concentration.
Mental Disorders & Chronic Disease
- Mental disorders and chronic diseases have a bidirectional relationship, with treatments for one affecting the other.
- Mental conditions can impair self-management of chronic illnesses, leading to poorer health outcomes
- Comorbidity increases symptom burden, functional impairment, reduced quality of life, premature mortality, and costs.
Cultural Influences on Disorders
- Cultural factors, social support, and biological differences contribute differences in disorders across populations.
Refugee Mental Health
- Refugees face a significant burden of mental health issues due to traumatic experiences and adaptation challenges following migration.
- Despite the burden, many refugees show resilience.
General Stress Theories
- Stress sensitization: Impact of stress increases with repeated exposure.
- Hormesis: Adaptive response to moderate stress exposure and maladaptive responses to intense exposure.
- Allostatic load: Cumulative wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress.
Visual Perception Disorders
- Dysmorphopsia: General distortion of visual perception.
- Plagiopsia: Slanted lines appear distorted.
- Achromatopsia: Inability to see colors.
- Corona phenomenon: Seeing contours around an object.
- Riddoch’s phenomenon: Only seeing movement, with preservation of V5 (visual motion area).
- Porropsia: Disorder of visual perception, often linked to Alice in Wonderland syndrome.
Week 7: Mood Disorders & Stigma
- Mood is typically balanced homeostatically, but in disorders like Bipolar Disorder, this balance is disrupted.
- It is difficult to grasp the individual experience of mood disorders, so psychological consequences are often measured statistically (e.g., higher risk of mortality, suicidality).
- Stigma, a mark of disgrace, affects individuals with mental disorders, contributing to lower chances of seeking help and receiving support.
- Humans have evolved to stigmatize, which is an automatic process for making rapid decisions based on limited information.
- Thin slicing studies demonstrate the impact of limited information (e.g., a photo with a mental disorder) on individuals' perceptions.
Psycho-Social Theories on Suicidal Thoughts & Behavior
- Escape from self: Discrepancy between the current self and the ideal self.
- Diathesis-stress models: Predisposition to certain traits (e.g., impulsivity) combined with environmental stressors (e.g., mental disorder).
- Clinical model of suicidal behavior: Focuses on clinical symptoms and risk factors.
- Arrested flight model: High feelings of defeat and entrapment.
- Interpersonal psychological model: Suicidal desire stems from feelings of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. The capability for a suicidal attempt is also a crucial factor.
Newer Definitions of Mental Health
- The capacity to cope with the environment.
Week 8: CBT & Contemporary Approach
- CBT is an effective treatment across a range of disorders.
- The contemporary approach to CBT emphasizes cognitive mediation, focusing on how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors influence each other.
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Description
This quiz explores Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) and its emphasis on automatic processes in managing addiction. It also examines the role of cortisol in stress response and how early-life trauma can impact psychiatric disorders. Test your understanding of these critical topics in mental health.
