Substance Use Disorders Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of substance related disorders as defined in the content?

Physical dependence on a substance

Clinically significant impairment or distress (correct)

Temporary use with no impact on daily life

Complete cessation of substance use

What diagnosis was created by combining abuse and dependence categories?

Substance related disorders (correct)

Substance induced disorders

Substance use disorders

Behavioral addiction disorders

Which group of disorders encompasses issues related to substance use?

Mental health and dependency disorders

Substance use disorders and substance induced disorders (correct)

Behavioral and psychological disorders

Chronic and acute disorders

What is the criterion for 'sustained remission' in substance related disorders?

No criteria met for 12 months or more Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstance is a substance use considered under 'controlled environment'?

When the individual is in an environment with restricted access Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'abstinence violation effect' refer to?

A person's emotional response after recognized relapse Signup and view all the answers

How does a lapse differ from a relapse?

A lapse refers to a singular, isolated incident Signup and view all the answers

What role do discriminative stimuli play in the context of relapse?

They trigger high-risk situations that may lead to relapse Signup and view all the answers

What did Benjamin Rush contribute to the understanding of alcoholism?

He provided a systematic description of alcohol's physiological damage Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the reasons behind relapse according to the relapse prevention model?

Stable personality traits Signup and view all the answers

During which ancient civilization was the use of opioids noted for calming children?

Ancient Egypt Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a high-risk situation potentially leading to relapse?

Attending social gatherings with alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What was the perception of wine in Medieval Europe?

It was considered a healthy blessing from God Signup and view all the answers

What was Karl Abraham's view on alcoholism?

It is caused by unresolved oral dependency. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sociocultural models of addiction?

The relationship between drugs, individuals, and cultural contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common treatment approach for alcoholism between 1860 and 1930?

Pharmacological therapies using morphine and sedatives. Signup and view all the answers

What technique is associated with aversive conditioning therapy?

Associating alcohol with negative stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social theories of addiction, what does ethnography examine?

Everyday experiences and social practices of users. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the affordability of an addictive substance have according to behavioral economics models?

It potentially increases consumption frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud suggest was a reason behind alcoholism?

Delayed psychosexual development. Signup and view all the answers

How did therapeutic communities aid soldiers suffering from war neurosis?

By encouraging active participation in discussions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to rats in environments rich in positive stimuli?

They do not consume drugs at all. Signup and view all the answers

What does resilience refer to in the context of addiction?

The process of adapting well in the face of adversity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for engaging in addictive behaviors?

Peer pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a protective factor against substance use?

Availability of after-school activities. Signup and view all the answers

According to the biopsychosocial model, what contributes equally to substance abuse?

Multiple biological, social and psychological factors. Signup and view all the answers

What can viewing addiction as inevitable lead to?

Learned helplessness. Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the moral model of responsibility for addiction?

It attributes responsibility solely to the individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a macro situational factor that increases addiction risk?

Decrease in price of substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that both drug effects and psychological variables render recovery crucial?

Biopsychosocial model. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a protective factor against addiction?

Norms favoring substance use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way DSM-5 differs from DSM-IV-TR concerning substance use disorder classification?

It combines substance abuse and dependence into a single diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

How many criteria does DSM-5 utilize to diagnose substance use disorder?

11 criteria Signup and view all the answers

Which statement aligns with DSM-IV-TR's approach to classifying substance use disorders?

It classifies disorders in a categorical manner. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of severity, what qualifies as moderate substance use symptoms according to the provided classification?

Presence of 4-5 symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes non substance-related disorders in DSM-5?

They involve behaviors that can lead to significant life problems without chemical substances. Signup and view all the answers

What significant aspect was recognized in DSM-5 concerning substance use disorders that was not emphasized in DSM-IV-TR?

The role of craving in substance use Signup and view all the answers

How does DSM-5's approach differ when assessing the impact of substance use disorders?

It focuses on the functional impact of the disorder on life. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes severe substance use symptoms from moderate symptoms?

Severe symptoms involve the presence of 6 or more symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the substance use classification does DSM-5 eliminate?

The distinction between abuse and dependence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of non substance-related disorders?

They often lead to compulsive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of epidemiology in the context of health?

Studying the distribution and determinants of health-related issues Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT commonly classified as a psychoactive drug?

Aspirin Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global adult population abused alcohol in 2015?

4.9% Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to an individual being considered not imputable?

Experiencing a mental anomaly at the time of the act Signup and view all the answers

In the context of criminal responsibility, volitional ability refers to which aspect?

The ability to control one’s actions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following circumstances is considered a mitigating circumstance?

Acting due to severe addiction Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions can a judge suspend custodial sentences of up to 5 years?

If the crime was committed due to substance dependence Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle encompasses the obligation not to intentionally harm others?

Non-maleficence Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the relation between ethical and legal guidelines?

Ethical guidelines are often a matter of opinion and cultural context. Signup and view all the answers

What must an individual demonstrate to qualify for remission of a suspended sentence?

Ongoing treatment or abstinence from substance use Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of conventional psychoactive substances?

Patterns of use are often based on trial and error Signup and view all the answers

Which age group had the highest percentage of drug-related deaths reported in Spain in 2021?

40 years and over Signup and view all the answers

What action must be avoided to maintain professional relationships?

Engaging in dual relationships Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basics of Addictions

Learning-based models involve associating stimuli.
Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, associates a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally triggers an unconditioned response (UR).
An example is using food (US) to produce saliva (UR) in dogs. Repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) with food eventually causes the neutral stimulus to elicit the response (conditioned response).
Stimuli associated with addiction can trigger pleasure responses (internal thoughts or external contexts).

Classical Conditioning and Addiction

Stimuli associated with addiction (internal or external) can trigger pleasure.
Repeated exposure to a substance or drug in a specific context can create a conditioned response.
The body adapts to anticipate the substance's effects in that environment.

Conditioned Tolerance

The body's response to a substance diminishes over time with repeated exposure in a specific context.
This learned adaptation can lead to potentially dangerous results if the substance is taken in a new environment.

Cravings

Cravings are linked to the brain's reward system.
Intense desires to consume a substance or engage in a behaviour.
Often triggered by cues or stimuli associated previously with substance/drug use (physical or psychological).

Operant Conditioning and Addiction

Operant conditioning strengthens or weakens a behaviour based on its consequences.
Reinforcing or punishing behaviours and experiences increase or decrease the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated.
Discriminative stimuli indicate situations where a behaviour will be reinforced.

Reinforcement Programmes

Reinforcement programs are based on the number of times a behaviour is performed (fixed or variable).
Intervals can be fixed or variable.
This is how reinforcement schedules work, applying to any desirable behaviour.

Reinforcement Pathology Theory

Addiction is explained using behavioural economics models.
Reinforcement from drug use is considered independent of the negative consequences.
Two key processes are reinforcement, and impulsive or delay-discounting decision making.

Impulsive Decision-Making

People with addiction often prefer immediate rewards to delayed ones.
There is an overestimation of the immediate rewards of drug use leading to compulsive substance use.

Gateway Theory

Early exposure to one substance (e.g. smoking) can lead to increased likelihood of using other substances.
This happens because similar patterns, such as methods of consumption, contribute to escalation.

Combining Processes

Addiction is a combination of voluntary and unconscious processes involving automatic and conscious processes;
It is a combination of compulsive (automated) and rational behaviour.

Self-Medication Hypothesis

Individuals with psychological problems are more likely to use addictive substances to cope and/or manage pre-existing needs.

Societal norms and cultural contexts impact how people view and respond to drug use.
Social interactions and cultural contexts can contribute to whether someone uses or abuses substances.

Cognitive Dissonance

Discomfort arises when behaviour or beliefs clash with values.
This can cause individuals to adjust their behaviour, thoughts, or attitudes.

Construction of Identity

Identity formation can play a role in the development and persistence of addiction.
This theory suggests addiction can lead to weakened self-control and an inability to regulate behaviour.

Approaches involve altering the environment or addressing the person's self-efficacy or self-regulation.
Therapies and or social interventions (i.e., communities) can play a significant role in addressing addiction.

Biopsychosocial Model

Combines biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding addiction and recovery.
This model suggests substance abuse is influenced by the interaction of these factors.
Biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to the development and expression of addiction.

###DSM-5

Substance use disorder is now a singular diagnosis to categorize either abuse and/or dependence.
Criteria focuses on the continuum of severity in addiction and functional outcomes.

Mechanisms of Addiction

The reward pathway (mesolimbic pathway) in the brain is central to the neurobiological substrate of learning and experience of reinforcement.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter crucial to the reward pathway and its release is linked to experiencing pleasure and reinforcement.

Tolerance and Withdrawal

Tolerance occurs with repeated substance use leading to a need for increasing amounts to obtain the same effect.
Withdrawal symptoms occur once substance use stops, caused by physical adaptation to the presence of the substance.

Detoxification

Detoxification helps patients stop using and maintain abstinence.
Typically involves monitored withdrawal without significant risk; treatment is specialized.

Criminal Responsibility

The material commission of a crime in itself may not be sufficient for accountability.
Imputability is determined by the capacity to understand the wrongfulness of the act while also maintaining cognitive and volitional ability.
Imputability implies a person was able to understand their actions during the crime/event related to substance use.
Circumstances that might mitigate responsibility, such as addiction or mental health, involve reduced or eliminated culpability but don't outright eliminate it.

Ethical Values and Guidelines

In addiction treatment, the principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity are ethical standards.
Legal guidelines relate to professional conduct and boundaries, confidentiality and disclosures, and conflicts of interest.

Conventional and Unconventional Psychoactive Substances

Conventional substances include alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine.
Unconventional substances may include drug-related substances not commonly used.

Main Differences Between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5

Classifications moved from categorical assessments and dichotomies (abuse versus dependence) toward continuous assessment and criteria.

Crisis in Healthcare

These concepts have critical implications. It addresses broader considerations in the treatment of substance-related issues, societal impacts on health/well-being, and treatment approaches.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to substance-related disorders, including diagnostic criteria, relapse prevention models, and historical perspectives on substances like alcohol and opioids. Answer questions about the consequences of substance use, factors influencing relapse, and significant contributions to the understanding of addiction.