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Questions and Answers
In operant conditioning, what is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
In operant conditioning, what is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
- Positive punishment involves the removal of an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment involves the addition of a preferred stimulus.
- Positive punishment involves the addition of an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment involves the removal of a preferred stimulus. (correct)
- Positive punishment always leads to a decrease in behavior, while negative punishment always leads to an increase in behavior.
- Positive punishment is more effective than negative punishment in suppressing unwanted behaviors.
Which of the following illustrates an abolishing operation involving satiation?
Which of the following illustrates an abolishing operation involving satiation?
- Presenting a child with a new type of video game they have never seen before.
- Removing a child's access to all toys except video games.
- Giving a child access to video games for an extended period, reducing their desire to play them. (correct)
- Depriving a child of video games to increase their desire to play them.
What is the key distinction between escape and avoidance as types of negative reinforcement?
What is the key distinction between escape and avoidance as types of negative reinforcement?
- Escape involves the addition of an aversive stimulus, while avoidance involves the removal of an aversive stimulus.
- Escape involves the removal of a stimulus *before* it is presented, while avoidance involves removing the stimulus after it has already occurred.
- Escape involves the removal of a stimulus *after* it is presented, while avoidance prevents the stimulus from ever occurring. (correct)
- Escape is a form of positive punishment, while avoidance is a form of negative punishment.
Consider a scenario where a dog trainer initially rewards a dog for sitting. After the dog sits reliably, the trainer starts only rewarding the dog for sitting when the trainer says 'sit'. What is the 'sit' command in this context?
Consider a scenario where a dog trainer initially rewards a dog for sitting. After the dog sits reliably, the trainer starts only rewarding the dog for sitting when the trainer says 'sit'. What is the 'sit' command in this context?
Which statement best describes the effect of intermittent reinforcement?
Which statement best describes the effect of intermittent reinforcement?
A child is initially scared by a barking dog. Later, the child becomes fearful of all dogs, even those that don't bark. This is an example of:
A child is initially scared by a barking dog. Later, the child becomes fearful of all dogs, even those that don't bark. This is an example of:
What is the primary difference between a fixed ratio (FR) and a variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement?
What is the primary difference between a fixed ratio (FR) and a variable ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates extinction in operant conditioning?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates extinction in operant conditioning?
What is the main characteristic of an 'extinction burst'?
What is the main characteristic of an 'extinction burst'?
In respondent conditioning, what is the role of a neutral stimulus in acquiring a conditioned response?
In respondent conditioning, what is the role of a neutral stimulus in acquiring a conditioned response?
Flashcards
Abolishing Operation
Abolishing Operation
An antecedent stimulus that decreases the value of a reinforcer.
Antecedent
Antecedent
What happens immediately before a behavior occurs.
Aversive Stimulus
Aversive Stimulus
Something you do not like experiencing.
Avoidance
Avoidance
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Consequence
Consequence
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Continuous Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
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Deprivation
Deprivation
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Escape
Escape
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Study Notes
#hapters 4 and 6
- Abolishing operation: An antecedent stimulus that reduces a reinforcer's value.
- Antecedent: Events preceding a behavior.
- Aversive stimulus: An undesirable experience.
- Avoidance: A type of negative reinforcement where a behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring.
- Concurrent schedule: Reinforcement schedules where multiple schedules operate simultaneously.
- Consequence: Events following a behavior.
- Continuous reinforcement: Every instance of a behavior is reinforced.
- Cumulative record: A visual representation of total responses over time.
- Deprivation: An establishing operation where lack of access to a reinforcer increases its value.
- Escape: A type of negative reinforcement where behavior removes an aversive stimulus already present.
- Establishing operation: An antecedent stimulus that increases a reinforcer's value.
- Fixed interval schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a specific time period has passed following a response.
- Fixed ratio schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
- Intermittent reinforcement: Reinforcement occurs only sometimes.
- Learning: A lasting change in behavior due to experience.
- Motivating operation: An antecedent stimulus that alters the value of a reinforcer.
- Negative punishment: Removing a preferred stimulus to decrease the future probability of a behavior.
- Negative reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the future probability of a behavior.
- Operant conditioning: Learning based on the consequences of behavior.
- Positive punishment: Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the future probability of a behavior.
- Positive reinforcement: Adding a preferred stimulus to increase the future probability of a behavior.
- Preferred stimulus: Something enjoyable to experience.
- Primary (unconditioned) consequence: A naturally reinforcing/punishing consequence for most members of a species.
- Response effort: The difficulty to complete a behavior.
- Satiation: An abolishing operation where free access to a reinforcer decreases its value.
- Schedule of reinforcement: Describes when a behavior is reinforced.
- Secondary (conditioned) consequence: A consequence that is reinforcing/punishing due to learned association with a primary consequence.
- Variable interval schedule: Reinforcement occurs after an average amount of time has passed following a response.
- Variable ratio schedule: Reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses.
Chapter 5
- Extinction (operant): Previously reinforced behavior stops because it no longer leads to reinforcement.
- Extinction burst: Temporary increase in frequency, intensity, or duration of a behavior when reinforcement stops.
- Extinction-induced variability: New behaviors occurring when reinforcement stops.
Chapter 7
- Discriminative stimulus (SD): A stimulus associated with reinforcement.
- Generalization gradient: Visual representation of response strength based on similarity to a discriminative stimulus.
- S-delta: A stimulus associated with extinction.
- Stimulus control: Antecedent event controls behavior due to differential pairing with consequences.
- Stimulus discrimination (operant): Responding occurs only in the presence of a specific discriminative stimulus.
- Stimulus generalization (operant): Responding occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus.
Chapter 8
- Conditioned response: A behavior elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned stimulus: A stimulus that, after pairing, elicits a conditioned response.
- Extinction (respondent): Repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Higher-order conditioning: Pairing a neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus.
- Neutral stimulus: A stimulus that doesn't initially elicit any particular behavior.
- Pairing (respondent conditioning): The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Respondent conditioning: Learning occurs through associations between stimuli.
- Spontaneous recovery: A conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response after respondent extinction.
- Stimulus discrimination (respondent): Responding only to the conditioned stimulus and not to other stimuli.
- Stimulus generalization (respondent): Transfer of responding from a trained conditioned stimulus to a new, similar stimulus.
- Unconditioned response: An innate behavior.
- Unconditioned stimulus: A stimulus that produces an unconditioned response.1
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