Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what age does a child typically begin to sit without support?
At what age does a child typically begin to sit without support?
Which action is NOT typically observed at 1 year of age?
Which action is NOT typically observed at 1 year of age?
What developmental milestone is expected for a 2-year-old child?
What developmental milestone is expected for a 2-year-old child?
At which age does a child typically begin to walk up and down stairs holding on?
At which age does a child typically begin to walk up and down stairs holding on?
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Which of the following skills develops around 4 years of age?
Which of the following skills develops around 4 years of age?
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Which ability is characteristic of a 5-year-old child?
Which ability is characteristic of a 5-year-old child?
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At what age do children typically start to show the ability to roll over in both directions?
At what age do children typically start to show the ability to roll over in both directions?
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Which activity can you expect a 3-year-old child to perform?
Which activity can you expect a 3-year-old child to perform?
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What is the main purpose of protective responses in motor development?
What is the main purpose of protective responses in motor development?
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Which systems are utilized for head and trunk righting?
Which systems are utilized for head and trunk righting?
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In which order do equilibrium reactions typically develop across postures?
In which order do equilibrium reactions typically develop across postures?
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At what age do infants typically begin to hold their head up while on their tummy?
At what age do infants typically begin to hold their head up while on their tummy?
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Which reflexes are most often observed in children with neurological conditions?
Which reflexes are most often observed in children with neurological conditions?
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At what gestational age does the sucking reflex typically onset?
At what gestational age does the sucking reflex typically onset?
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What does the term 'directional' in motor development refer to?
What does the term 'directional' in motor development refer to?
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What is the integration period for the rooting reflex?
What is the integration period for the rooting reflex?
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Which position should the infant be in to elicit the Moro reflex?
Which position should the infant be in to elicit the Moro reflex?
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What role does the visual system play in postural control in infants?
What role does the visual system play in postural control in infants?
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Which stimulus is used to evoke the Galant's response?
Which stimulus is used to evoke the Galant's response?
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In the context of dynamic systems theory, what influences motor behavior?
In the context of dynamic systems theory, what influences motor behavior?
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What is the expected response when applying firm pressure against the plantar surface of an infant's foot?
What is the expected response when applying firm pressure against the plantar surface of an infant's foot?
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Which of the following concepts reflects a progression from less controlled to more skilled movement?
Which of the following concepts reflects a progression from less controlled to more skilled movement?
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What is the integration period for the palmar grasp reflex?
What is the integration period for the palmar grasp reflex?
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How does the sensory system affect infant movement development?
How does the sensory system affect infant movement development?
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What is meant by variability in motor development?
What is meant by variability in motor development?
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How is the neonatal positive supporting reflex elicited?
How is the neonatal positive supporting reflex elicited?
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At what age does the plantar grasp reflex typically integrate?
At what age does the plantar grasp reflex typically integrate?
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At what gestational age do studies suggest vision begins to influence postural control?
At what gestational age do studies suggest vision begins to influence postural control?
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What characteristic is not part of the developmental progression in the first year of life?
What characteristic is not part of the developmental progression in the first year of life?
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At what age does the ankle strategy start to develop?
At what age does the ankle strategy start to develop?
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Which strategy is utilized for high degrees of perturbation?
Which strategy is utilized for high degrees of perturbation?
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By what age should an infant have developed adult accommodation and significantly improved acuity?
By what age should an infant have developed adult accommodation and significantly improved acuity?
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What age marks the beginning of the hip strategy development?
What age marks the beginning of the hip strategy development?
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At what age do infants begin to exhibit depth perception and good color vision?
At what age do infants begin to exhibit depth perception and good color vision?
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What visual ability is expected by the time an infant is 2 months old?
What visual ability is expected by the time an infant is 2 months old?
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Which skill is associated with self-help development?
Which skill is associated with self-help development?
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By 1 year of age, what is the expected visual acuity of an infant?
By 1 year of age, what is the expected visual acuity of an infant?
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Study Notes
Reflexes and Developmental Milestones
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Sucking Reflex
- Onset at 28 weeks gestation, integrates between 2-5 months.
- Position: supine with head in midline; stimulus: finger or nipple in mouth; response: rhythmic sucking.
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Rooting Reflex
- Onset at 28 weeks gestation, integrates by 3 months.
- Position: supine; stimulus: stroke perioral skin; response: head turning toward stimulated side.
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Galant’s Response (Trunk Incurvation)
- Onset at 28-32 weeks gestation, integrates by 2 months (may persist).
- Position: prone; stimulus: gentle stimulation along paravertebral line; response: lateral trunk flexion.
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Moro Reflex
- Onset at 28 weeks gestation, integrates between 4-6 months.
- Position: supine; stimulus: drop head back to stretch neck; response: abduction of arms followed by adduction.
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Palmar Grasp Reflex
- Onset at birth to 2 months, integrates by 4-6 months.
- Position: supine; stimulus: finger placed in palm; response: finger flexing around finger.
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Plantar Grasp Reflex
- Onset at 28 weeks gestation, integrates by 9 months.
- Position: supine; stimulus: pressure on foot's plantar surface; response: plantar flexion of toes.
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Neonatal Positive Supporting Reflex
- Onset at 35 weeks gestation, integrates by 1-2 months.
- Position: vertical support; stimulus: feet contact a flat surface; response: weight bearing on lower extremities.
Motor Development Milestones
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2 Months
- Holds head up while on tummy; smoother arm and leg movements appear.
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3 Months
- Physiological flexion dominates; clearing airway in prone; begins symmetry in movements.
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4 Months
- Holds head steady without support; possibly rolls over; can bring hands to mouth; pushes up on stomach with elbows.
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6 Months
- Rolls over in both directions; begins sitting without support; supports weight on legs when standing.
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9 Months
- Stands by holding on; transitions into sitting; pulls to stand.
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1 Year
- Sits independently; may take steps without support; pulls to stand and cruises along furniture.
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18 Months
- Walks alone; may walk up steps; drinks from a cup and uses a spoon.
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2 Years
- Stands on tiptoes; kicks a ball; begins running; climbs furniture without help.
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3 Years
- Climbs and runs easily; pedals a tricycle; walks up and down stairs with one foot on each step.
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4 Years
- Hops on one foot; catches a bouncing ball; pours and cuts with supervision.
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5 Years
- Stands on one foot for 10 seconds; can do a somersault; uses toilet independently.
Conceptual Framework of Motor Development
- Development is sequential (while rates vary, the sequence remains similar).
- Movement direction is cephalo-caudal (head to toe) and proximal-distal (center to extremities).
- Mobility and stability must work in tandem for proper development.
- Sensation significantly influences movement patterns.
- Development transitions from reflexive to skilled movements, incorporating variations.
Systems Involved in Development
-
Visual System
- Dominates early postural control; significant improvements by 3 years; color recognition and eye coordination develop through the first year.
-
Vestibular and Somatosensory Systems
- These systems can be tested independently; muscle response patterns in infants reveal progression similar to older children.
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Standing Balance Responses
- Strategy development involves:
- Ankle strategy for low perturbation (around 10 months)
- Stepping strategy for high perturbation (12-15 months)
- Hip strategy develops by 3 years.
- Strategy development involves:
Cognitive and Fine Motor Development
- Cognition involves acquiring knowledge; self-help skills and oral motor development are essential in caregiving and communication.
- Oral motor development utilizes the function of lips, tongue, jaw, teeth, and palates to facilitate feeding and speaking.
Notes on Developmental Assessment
- Developmental evaluation encompasses surveillance, screening, and diagnosis to identify milestones and adjust interventions as needed.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key reflexes and developmental milestones in infants. This quiz covers various reflexes including sucking, rooting, and Moro, detailing their onset, integration, and responses. Perfect for students in early childhood development or related fields.
