Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT an indication for oxygen therapy?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for oxygen therapy?
What is the recommended practice regarding the duration of 100% oxygen therapy?
What is the recommended practice regarding the duration of 100% oxygen therapy?
What is the primary difference between ventilation and oxygenation?
What is the primary difference between ventilation and oxygenation?
In patients with COPD, what is the normal SpO2 range that can often be considered acceptable?
In patients with COPD, what is the normal SpO2 range that can often be considered acceptable?
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Why is it important to maintain FiO2 at 50% or less when possible?
Why is it important to maintain FiO2 at 50% or less when possible?
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What is the correct formula to calculate Flow Demand for a patient?
What is the correct formula to calculate Flow Demand for a patient?
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If a patient's Minute Ventilation is calculated to be 10 liters per minute, what is their Flow Demand?
If a patient's Minute Ventilation is calculated to be 10 liters per minute, what is their Flow Demand?
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Which formula accurately determines the flow setting on a flowmeter needed to achieve a specified Total Flow?
Which formula accurately determines the flow setting on a flowmeter needed to achieve a specified Total Flow?
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What does 'Total Flow' measure in the context of respiratory therapy?
What does 'Total Flow' measure in the context of respiratory therapy?
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What is the primary variable used in the Total Flow formula?
What is the primary variable used in the Total Flow formula?
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What is the primary difference between hypoxemia and hypoxia?
What is the primary difference between hypoxemia and hypoxia?
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What is the normal level for SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry?
What is the normal level for SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry?
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At what range is mild hypoxemia defined according to SaO2 levels?
At what range is mild hypoxemia defined according to SaO2 levels?
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Which of the following best describes hyperbaric oxygen therapy?
Which of the following best describes hyperbaric oxygen therapy?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding oxygenation?
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding oxygenation?
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What happens to oxygen release from hemoglobin during a right shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What happens to oxygen release from hemoglobin during a right shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes atelectasis?
Which of the following statements accurately describes atelectasis?
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Which type of mask is capable of supplying all of a patient's inspiratory flow demands?
Which type of mask is capable of supplying all of a patient's inspiratory flow demands?
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Which of the following characteristics is specific to high flow devices in respiratory support?
Which of the following characteristics is specific to high flow devices in respiratory support?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect the accuracy of pulse oximetry measurements?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the accuracy of pulse oximetry measurements?
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What impact does a decrease in temperature have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, according to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What impact does a decrease in temperature have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, according to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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What is the main purpose of measuring SpO2 in patients?
What is the main purpose of measuring SpO2 in patients?
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Which low flow device does NOT provide sufficient inspired gas flow on its own during respiration?
Which low flow device does NOT provide sufficient inspired gas flow on its own during respiration?
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Which statement about air entrainment ratios is incorrect?
Which statement about air entrainment ratios is incorrect?
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What is the primary caution to consider when interpreting pulse oximetry results?
What is the primary caution to consider when interpreting pulse oximetry results?
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Study Notes
Indications for Oxygen Therapy
- Key symptoms: cyanosis, tachycardia, bradycardia (late stage), tachypnea, change in mental status, lethargy.
- Pulse oximetry reading consistently below 92% indicates need for therapy, dependent on individual patient circumstances.
Basic Oxygen Therapy Procedures
- Limit use of 100% oxygen to a maximum of 24 hours to avoid toxicity.
- Ideal target is to maintain the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) below 50%.
- Normal oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels in adults range from 92% to 99%, while COPD patients may function well at 88% or lower.
Ventilation vs. Oxygenation
- Distinction: ventilation is the physical act of breathing, including inspiration and exhalation; oxygenation refers to oxygen delivery to tissues.
- It is possible for a patient to ventilate adequately but have poor oxygenation.
SpO2 vs. SaO2 vs. PaO2
- SpO2: oxygen saturation measured with pulse oximetry; normal is 92% and above.
- SaO2: oxygen saturation from arterial blood gas (ABG); normal range between 80-100 mmHg.
- Mild hypoxemia: 60-79 mmHg
- Moderate hypoxemia: 40-59 mmHg
- Severe hypoxemia: less than 40 mmHg
- PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood plasma.
Hypoxemia vs. Hypoxia
- Hypoxemia is characterized by low oxygen levels in the blood plasma.
- Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
- Administers 100% oxygen under pressure, potentially up to 3 atmospheres.
- Key benefits include enhanced wound healing.
Respiratory System Terms
Atelectasis
- Refers to the collapse of a lung or its alveoli.
- Absorption atelectasis occurs when oxygen replaces nitrogen in the alveoli, leading to collapse.
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- Illustrates the relationship between SaO2 and PaO2.
- Right Shift: occurs with increased CO2, lower pH (acidosis), 2,3 DPG, and elevated temperature resulting in lower affinity for O2; facilitates O2 release.
- Left Shift: occurs with decreased CO2, higher pH (alkalosis), lower 2,3 DPG, and reduced temperature, increasing O2 affinity and complicating release to cells.
Low Flow vs. High Flow Devices
- Low Flow: does not provide sufficient inspiratory flow demand; includes nasal cannula, oxymask, and simple mask.
- High Flow: meets inspiratory flow demand; includes aerosol mask, venti mask, and non-rebreather (NRB) mask.
Pulse Oximetry
- Measures SpO2 using a sensor that detects red and infrared light; reliable readings may be affected by nail polish, strong external lights, hypothermia, poor perfusion, and skin tone.
Treatment Principle
- Priority should be focused on treating the patient instead of solely relying on pulse oximetry values.
Air Entrainment Ratios
- Defines the relationship between the amount of ambient air and oxygen inhaled by a patient.
- Calculations can be made using specific formulas.
Minute Ventilation
- Total volume of air or oxygen inhaled per minute; calculated with the formula: Ve = RR x Vt (Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume).
Total Flow
- Total volume of air or oxygen delivered to a patient; calculated as: Total Flow = Ratio Parts x Flow (where Ratio Parts is the sum of air entrainment ratios).
Flow Demand
- Represents the patient’s airflow needs; determined by the formula: Flow Demand = Minute Ventilation x 3.
Flow Meter Settings
- Determines how to adjust a flowmeter to achieve a specified total flow: Flow = Total Flow / Ratio Parts.
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Description
This quiz covers essential topics in respiratory care, focusing on indications for oxygen therapy and basic procedures. Prepare for your RCP 120 Exam with questions about patient assessment, therapy guidelines, and critical care protocols relevant for Fall 2024.
