Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the position of the patient during the antero-posterior 15° caudal procedure?
What is the position of the patient during the antero-posterior 15° caudal procedure?
- Lying laterally with the upper arm raised
- Lying prone with the knees flexed
- Lying supine with the median sagittal plane at right angles to the table (correct)
- Lying upright with back against the table
How is the X-ray beam directed in the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
How is the X-ray beam directed in the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
- Vertically downwards towards the pelvis
- Angled 15° cranially towards the head
- 15° caudally, centred 5 cm above the upper border of the symphysis pubis (correct)
- Horizontally towards the feet
What size CR cassette is typically used for the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
What size CR cassette is typically used for the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
- 30 × 35 cm
- 24 × 30 cm (correct)
- 18 × 24 cm
- 20 × 25 cm
During the right or left posterior oblique position, what angle should the median sagittal plane be rotated?
During the right or left posterior oblique position, what angle should the median sagittal plane be rotated?
What position assists stability when raising one side of the patient during the posterior oblique procedure?
What position assists stability when raising one side of the patient during the posterior oblique procedure?
Where is the upper border of the CR cassette positioned in the posterior oblique view?
Where is the upper border of the CR cassette positioned in the posterior oblique view?
To demonstrate the apex of the bladder during the posterior oblique projection, what alternative adjustment can be made to the X-ray beam?
To demonstrate the apex of the bladder during the posterior oblique projection, what alternative adjustment can be made to the X-ray beam?
What is necessary for adequate demonstration of the area in both projections?
What is necessary for adequate demonstration of the area in both projections?
What is the angle required for a right posterior oblique projection of the patient?
What is the angle required for a right posterior oblique projection of the patient?
What is the appropriate position for a patient during a lateral projection of the kidneys?
What is the appropriate position for a patient during a lateral projection of the kidneys?
Where should the cassette be placed for the kidney area during a right posterior oblique projection?
Where should the cassette be placed for the kidney area during a right posterior oblique projection?
What should be done to minimize the chance of excessive rotation during the right posterior oblique projection?
What should be done to minimize the chance of excessive rotation during the right posterior oblique projection?
What is required to examine the bladder region effectively?
What is required to examine the bladder region effectively?
In which position of the urinary bladder can calculi within it move freely?
In which position of the urinary bladder can calculi within it move freely?
What may be used to confirm the presence of opacities in front of the renal tract?
What may be used to confirm the presence of opacities in front of the renal tract?
What happens to calculi outside the urinary bladder, such as prostatic calculi?
What happens to calculi outside the urinary bladder, such as prostatic calculi?
Flashcards
Right Posterior Oblique (RPO) Projection
Right Posterior Oblique (RPO) Projection
A radiographic projection where the right kidney is visualized clearly. The patient is positioned supine with their left side raised 15-20 degrees.
Left Posterior Oblique (LPO) Projection
Left Posterior Oblique (LPO) Projection
A radiographic projection where the left kidney is visualized clearly. The patient is positioned supine with their right side raised 15-20 degrees.
Lateral Projection of the Kidney
Lateral Projection of the Kidney
A radiographic projection taken from the side of the body, used primarily to visualize the kidneys. The patient is positioned on their side with their back facing the cassette.
Caudal Angulation of the Bladder
Caudal Angulation of the Bladder
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Movable Urinary Bladder Calculi
Movable Urinary Bladder Calculi
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Immobile Calcifications or Calculi
Immobile Calcifications or Calculi
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AP and Oblique Projections
AP and Oblique Projections
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Projecting Symphysis Below the Bladder Apex
Projecting Symphysis Below the Bladder Apex
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Antero-posterior 15° caudal
Antero-posterior 15° caudal
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Antero-posterior 15° caudal patient positioning
Antero-posterior 15° caudal patient positioning
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Antero-posterior 15° caudal image receptor placement
Antero-posterior 15° caudal image receptor placement
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Antero-posterior 15° caudal beam direction
Antero-posterior 15° caudal beam direction
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Right or Left Posterior Oblique
Right or Left Posterior Oblique
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Right or Left Posterior Oblique patient positioning
Right or Left Posterior Oblique patient positioning
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Right or Left Posterior Oblique patient stability
Right or Left Posterior Oblique patient stability
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Right or Left Posterior Oblique beam direction
Right or Left Posterior Oblique beam direction
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Study Notes
Radiographic Techniques for Urinary Bladder
- Urinary bladder radiography techniques involve specific projections, including right posterior oblique, left posterior oblique, lateral, antero-posterior (AP) and oblique projections.
Right Posterior Oblique Projection
- Patient lies supine on the table, the left side of the trunk and thorax is raised to an angle of 15-20 degrees.
- Patient positioned in the midline of the table.
- A 24-30 cm cassette is placed transversely and centralized midway between the xiphisternal joint and umbilicus for the kidney area.
- For a full renal tract view a 35-43 cm cassette centered at the lower costal margin may be needed.
- X-ray beam directed to the center of the cassette.
- Excessive rotation of the patient projects the right kidney over the spine.
Lateral Projection
- Patient turned to the side being examined, hands near the head, hips and knees flexed.
- Median sagittal plane parallel to the table, vertebral column over the table's midline.
- Cassette placed in tray, 5 cm superior to the lower costal margin for the kidney area.
- X-ray beam directed to the cassette center with the patient in arrested expiration.
Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 15° Caudal
- Patient supine on the Bucky table, median sagittal plane perpendicular to the table
- A 24 x 30 cm cassette placed transversely, 5 cm below the symphysis pubis.
- X-ray beam directed 15 degrees caudally and center it 5 cm above the upper border of the symphysis pubis (midway between anterior superior iliac spines and upper border of the pubic symphysis).
Urinary Calculi Positioning Considerations
- Mobile calculi within the full bladder, move freely.
- Calcifications and calculi outside the bladder (e.g., prostatic) are immobile.
- AP and oblique projections show changes in the relative position of calculi and bladder.
- Caudal angulation necessary for the bony pelvis shape to see bladder apex properly.
Right or Left Posterior Oblique Projections (Figs 10.13c, 10.13d)
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One side raised from supine, rotating the median sagittal plane 35 degrees to the right or left.
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Knee on the table is flexed, raised side supported by a non-opaque pad for stability.
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Adjusting position to center the midpoint between symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac spine on the raised side, over the table's midline
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A 24 x 30 cm cassette longitudinally in the tray with its upper border at the anterior superior iliac spines.
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Adequate collimation required
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The collimated vertical central beam directed to a point in the midline 2.5 cm above the symphysis pubis, or, alternatively, a 15° caudal angulation used with the receptor displaced downwards to accommodate and allow for better demonstration of the apex of the bladder.
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