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Questions and Answers
What is the position of the patient during the antero-posterior 15° caudal procedure?
What is the position of the patient during the antero-posterior 15° caudal procedure?
How is the X-ray beam directed in the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
How is the X-ray beam directed in the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
What size CR cassette is typically used for the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
What size CR cassette is typically used for the antero-posterior 15° caudal projection?
During the right or left posterior oblique position, what angle should the median sagittal plane be rotated?
During the right or left posterior oblique position, what angle should the median sagittal plane be rotated?
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What position assists stability when raising one side of the patient during the posterior oblique procedure?
What position assists stability when raising one side of the patient during the posterior oblique procedure?
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Where is the upper border of the CR cassette positioned in the posterior oblique view?
Where is the upper border of the CR cassette positioned in the posterior oblique view?
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To demonstrate the apex of the bladder during the posterior oblique projection, what alternative adjustment can be made to the X-ray beam?
To demonstrate the apex of the bladder during the posterior oblique projection, what alternative adjustment can be made to the X-ray beam?
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What is necessary for adequate demonstration of the area in both projections?
What is necessary for adequate demonstration of the area in both projections?
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What is the angle required for a right posterior oblique projection of the patient?
What is the angle required for a right posterior oblique projection of the patient?
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What is the appropriate position for a patient during a lateral projection of the kidneys?
What is the appropriate position for a patient during a lateral projection of the kidneys?
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Where should the cassette be placed for the kidney area during a right posterior oblique projection?
Where should the cassette be placed for the kidney area during a right posterior oblique projection?
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What should be done to minimize the chance of excessive rotation during the right posterior oblique projection?
What should be done to minimize the chance of excessive rotation during the right posterior oblique projection?
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What is required to examine the bladder region effectively?
What is required to examine the bladder region effectively?
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In which position of the urinary bladder can calculi within it move freely?
In which position of the urinary bladder can calculi within it move freely?
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What may be used to confirm the presence of opacities in front of the renal tract?
What may be used to confirm the presence of opacities in front of the renal tract?
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What happens to calculi outside the urinary bladder, such as prostatic calculi?
What happens to calculi outside the urinary bladder, such as prostatic calculi?
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Study Notes
Radiographic Techniques for Urinary Bladder
- Urinary bladder radiography techniques involve specific projections, including right posterior oblique, left posterior oblique, lateral, antero-posterior (AP) and oblique projections.
Right Posterior Oblique Projection
- Patient lies supine on the table, the left side of the trunk and thorax is raised to an angle of 15-20 degrees.
- Patient positioned in the midline of the table.
- A 24-30 cm cassette is placed transversely and centralized midway between the xiphisternal joint and umbilicus for the kidney area.
- For a full renal tract view a 35-43 cm cassette centered at the lower costal margin may be needed.
- X-ray beam directed to the center of the cassette.
- Excessive rotation of the patient projects the right kidney over the spine.
Lateral Projection
- Patient turned to the side being examined, hands near the head, hips and knees flexed.
- Median sagittal plane parallel to the table, vertebral column over the table's midline.
- Cassette placed in tray, 5 cm superior to the lower costal margin for the kidney area.
- X-ray beam directed to the cassette center with the patient in arrested expiration.
Anteroposterior (AP) Projection 15° Caudal
- Patient supine on the Bucky table, median sagittal plane perpendicular to the table
- A 24 x 30 cm cassette placed transversely, 5 cm below the symphysis pubis.
- X-ray beam directed 15 degrees caudally and center it 5 cm above the upper border of the symphysis pubis (midway between anterior superior iliac spines and upper border of the pubic symphysis).
Urinary Calculi Positioning Considerations
- Mobile calculi within the full bladder, move freely.
- Calcifications and calculi outside the bladder (e.g., prostatic) are immobile.
- AP and oblique projections show changes in the relative position of calculi and bladder.
- Caudal angulation necessary for the bony pelvis shape to see bladder apex properly.
Right or Left Posterior Oblique Projections (Figs 10.13c, 10.13d)
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One side raised from supine, rotating the median sagittal plane 35 degrees to the right or left.
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Knee on the table is flexed, raised side supported by a non-opaque pad for stability.
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Adjusting position to center the midpoint between symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac spine on the raised side, over the table's midline
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A 24 x 30 cm cassette longitudinally in the tray with its upper border at the anterior superior iliac spines.
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Adequate collimation required
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The collimated vertical central beam directed to a point in the midline 2.5 cm above the symphysis pubis, or, alternatively, a 15° caudal angulation used with the receptor displaced downwards to accommodate and allow for better demonstration of the apex of the bladder.
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Description
This quiz covers essential radiographic techniques for imaging the urinary bladder, including specific projections such as right posterior oblique and lateral views. You'll learn about patient positioning, equipment settings, and the correct direction of the X-ray beam. Test your knowledge on how to obtain clear and effective imaging results.
