76 Questions
What type of urinary bladder calculi can move freely within the bladder?
Calculi within the bladder
Which projections can be taken to show change in the relative position of calculi and bladder?
Antero-posterior and oblique projections
What is required for projecting the symphysis below the bladder?
Caudal angulation
Which structure can be visualized in a plain radiography of the abdominal and pelvic cavity?
The kidneys
What can be seen in the urinary tract through plain radiography?
Gas
What can be detected through plain radiography in the region of the bladder?
Opaque stones
What is the purpose of visualizing the lateral border of the psoas muscle in a plain radiography of the abdominal and pelvic cavity?
To identify possible masses in the retroperitoneum
What is the purpose of the immobilization band applied to the patient's abdomen during X-ray imaging?
To keep the patient's abdomen still
Where is the center of the cassette positioned during X-ray imaging of the abdomen?
At the level of the low costal margin
When is the exposure made during X-ray imaging of the abdomen?
After full exhalation
What is the recommended collimation of the X-ray beam during imaging of the abdomen?
To just within the margins of the cassette
What is the recommended position of the patient during X-ray imaging of the abdomen?
Lying on their back
What is the recommended diet for a patient prior to a renal tract examination?
Low-residue diet
What should be done in the case of emergency radiography?
No bowel preparation is possible
What is the recommended size for the cassette used in antero-posterior imaging of the renal tract?
35*43 cm cassette
Where should the center of the cassette be located during antero-posterior imaging of the renal tract?
1 cm below the line joining the iliac crests
What should the patient wear during the renal tract examination?
A gown provided by the hospital
What is the purpose of a cystoscope in retrograde intrarenal surgery?
To localize the opening for the passage of a catheter
What is the difference between antegrade and retrograde intrarenal surgery?
The direction of the contrast media introduction
What is the purpose of percutaneous antegrade urography?
To introduce contrast media directly to the renal pelvis
What is the function of the kidney in retrograde intrarenal surgery?
The function cannot be assessed in this type of surgery
What is the disease mentioned in the text?
Sickle cell anemia
What is the unit of measurement for weight mentioned in the text?
Kilograms
What is the recommended temperature for storing the substance mentioned in the text?
5-10°C
What is the purpose of the 'MSP' mentioned in the text?
To store substances
What is the recommended humidity level for storing the substance mentioned in the text?
50-60%
What is the usual method for examining the lower urinary system?
Retrograde urography
What should patients with multiple myeloma, diabetes, and high uric acid levels not experience during a procedure?
Dehydration
What is the recommended preparation for a urography procedure?
Possible laxatives
What is the contrast agent used for urography procedures?
Ionic Iodinated
What is the purpose of a cystourethrogram?
To examine the bladder and urethra
What does the right posterior oblique projection show?
The right kidney and collecting system in profile and the left kidney
What does the left posterior oblique projection show?
The presence of opacities anterior or posterior to the renal tract
What is necessary to confirm the presence of opacities anterior or posterior to the renal tract?
The lateral projection
What does the lateral projection confirm?
The presence of opacities anterior or posterior to the renal tract
What is seen superimposed on the AP projection?
The presence of opacities anterior or posterior to the renal tract
What is the recommended radiation protection for females if the bladder and lower ureters are not included in the image?
A lead-rubber sheet should cover the entire abdomen
What is the recommended radiation protection for males if the whole renal tract, including the bladder, is to be visualized?
No protection is necessary
What is the pregnancy rule when it comes to radiation protection?
Permission must be given in case of emergency
What is the image showing?
A left lower pole renal calculus and a calculus in the upper right ureter
What is the recommended action for protecting the ears during a radiological procedure?
Radiation should be avoided completely
What is the degree of caudal angulation for the antero-posterior projection of the bladder?
15 degrees caudal
What is the size of the cassette commonly used for the antero-posterior projection of the bladder?
18 * 24 cm
What is the degree of rotation for the oblique projection of the bladder?
35 degrees
What is the size of the cassette commonly used for the oblique projection of the bladder?
12 * 18 cm
What is the position of the patient for the antero-posterior projection of the bladder?
Supine
What is the position of the patient's knee for the oblique projection of the bladder?
Flexed
What is the purpose of compression in urography?
To immobilize the ureters
When is compression contraindicated in urography?
Abdominal mass or aneurysm
What should be shielded during urography for women?
Pelvis only
What can be caught on plain radiography during urography?
Extrarenal pathology
What should be checked for on plain radiography during urography?
Exposure factors
What is the alternative method for intravenous pyelography mentioned in the text?
Retrograde
What is the direction of the vertical central (Basic) ray in the radiographic investigation of the renal collecting system?
Directed to a point 2.5 cm above the symphysis pubis
What is the caudal angulation required for the alternative method of intravenous pyelography?
15 degrees
What is the purpose of intravenous pyelography?
To investigate the renal system
What is the direction of the cassette displacement required for the alternative method of intravenous pyelography?
Displaced downwards
What is the purpose of the procedure described in the text?
To diagnose tumors and abnormalities in the urinary system
What position should the patient be in during the procedure?
Supine
How much contrast medium should be injected for adults?
30-100 cc
How long does it take for the contrast medium to reach the pelvicalaceal system?
2-8 minutes
What should be done before injecting the contrast medium?
The post-injection film should be in the cassette tray
What is the purpose of a Trendelenburg position during imaging?
To visualize the viscal ureteral orphis
What is the recommended degree of caudal angle for imaging the bladder neck and proximal urethra?
5 degrees
What is the recommended degree of caudal angle for imaging the prostate gland above the symphisis pubis?
20-25 degrees
What is the recommended degree of caudal angle for imaging lordosis abnormalities?
20 degrees
What is the recommended position for imaging the bladder?
Supine
What is the recommended view for IVU imaging?
Supine AP from 3-20 min
What is the purpose of the last views in IVU imaging?
To check the residual urine
What is the recommended post-procedure care for IVU imaging?
Ask the patient to take extra fluids to flush the contrast from the body
What is the purpose of the nephrogram immediately after contrast injection?
To visualize the renal cortex
What is the purpose of the compression phase during IVU imaging?
To visualize the upper ureters and pelvicalaceal system
What is the purpose of the AP Oblique D view in the imaging of the urinary system?
To visualize the bladder walls and base of the bladder
What is the primary purpose of the Lateral view in the imaging of the urinary system?
To visualize the kidneys
Which view is used to visualize the proximal part of the urethra filled with contrast material?
Lateral
Which view is used to visualize the distal end of the ureters and the bladder in a young female?
RPO
Test your knowledge on ureteral compression with this informative quiz. Learn about the application, indications, and contraindications of this medical procedure. Understand when it can and cannot be used and how it is performed. Use this quiz to enhance your understanding of ureteral compression and its importance in medical practice.
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