CHAPTER 11 - Race, Ethnicity, and Racism

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Questions and Answers

What has led to the increase in the number of women migrating?

Changes in the global labor market (correct)

Reduced immigration restrictions

Rising educational levels among women

Increased travel opportunities

Which of the following best describes the term 'diaspora'?

The dispersal of an ethnic population from a homeland (correct)

The voluntary relocation of individuals for work

The cultural assimilation of immigrants

The creation of ethnic enclaves in urban areas

According to Cohen, which category of diaspora includes the Armenian population?

Trade diaspora

Labor diaspora

Cultural diaspora

Victim diaspora (correct)

What is a significant trend observed in contemporary migration?

There is a diversification in the types of immigrants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena reflects the feminization of migration?

Increased trafficking in women Signup and view all the answers

What has globalization contributed to in terms of migration?

More countries involved as senders and recipients Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the historically cited categories of diaspora identified by Cohen?

Labor diaspora Signup and view all the answers

What factor is essential in holding members of a diaspora together?

Shared history Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason future generations identified as minority may not face the same disadvantages as current minority groups?

They often inter-marry with members of the dominant group. Signup and view all the answers

How is race defined in the context provided?

As a socially constructed category based on physical traits and ancestry. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of some social scientists regarding the concept of race?

Race is an ideological construct that has no real basis. Signup and view all the answers

Why are differences in skin color considered significant while differences in eye color are not?

Skin color variations have a historical context in societal structures. Signup and view all the answers

What misperception do many respondents have when classifying themselves in racial categories?

They believe humans can be distinctly separated into races. Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted about the genetic diversity within and between racial populations?

Diversity is greater within populations sharing visible traits. Signup and view all the answers

How do racial categories vary according to the discussion provided?

They are historically and nationally specific. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of members of minority groups living in specific neighborhoods?

They will experience stronger community ties. Signup and view all the answers

What does racism often involve in terms of societal perception?

Attribution of superiority or inferiority based on physical traits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines prejudice?

The holding of preconceived ideas about individuals or groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary belief associated with the socially constructed category of race?

Fundamental differences among humans are based on phenotype and ancestry. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the economic situation of mixed-race individuals according to Alba?

They have incomes closer to the white median income. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can be an example of racism, despite a belief in equality?

Stereotyping racial minorities Signup and view all the answers

How have racial categories in the census changed over time?

They have been influenced by social and historical contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What tendency is observed among mixed-race individuals who have both Asian and white ancestry?

They tend to self-identify as white. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the concept that race is a socially constructed phenomenon?

Social constructionism Signup and view all the answers

How are racist attitudes often established historically?

During periods of Western colonial expansion Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in the classification of Mexicans in the U.S. census?

Reclassified multiple times based on labor demands and public sentiment. Signup and view all the answers

What tends to happen when mixed-race individuals marry according to Alba's argument?

There is a greater tendency to choose white marriage partners. Signup and view all the answers

What are stereotypes largely based on?

Fixed and inflexible categories of thought Signup and view all the answers

What role does human resistance to change play in prejudice?

It makes preconceived views resistant to new evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concept of 'color-blind racism'?

Ignoring racial differences to minimize discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

How does Alba argue that mixed-race individuals will self-identify?

They often identify with the racial majority. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about racism?

Racism only exists in explicitly declared systems Signup and view all the answers

In sociological terms, what defines a minority group?

A group that possesses less wealth, power, and prestige. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how societal views on race can shift historically?

People from South Asia were classified as white before being reclassified as Asian. Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic is associated with members of minority groups according to sociological concepts?

They often feel a sense of group solidarity due to shared experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves recognizing systemic advantages for a particular racial group?

White privilege Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone hold a positive prejudice towards a group?

Personal experiences that led to stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

Which example does not represent a minority in the sociological sense?

People with red hair in a predominantly dark-haired population. Signup and view all the answers

What historical change occurred regarding the classification of individuals with mixed-race backgrounds?

Sociologists often question if these classifications reflect actual experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What are microaggressions typically associated with?

They are subtle, often unintentional, discriminatory comments. Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination defined as in the context of social groups?

Actual behavior that denies resources to a particular group. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes color-blind racism?

A belief that racial differences do not exist and therefore should not be addressed. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'white privilege' imply in the context of racial discussions?

Whites are unaware of their own privileges. Signup and view all the answers

What has research uncovered about admissions practices at universities like Princeton?

Stereotypes can influence the evaluation of minority applicants. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way in which sociologists suggest racism is maintained today?

Through color blindness and the neglect of racial issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a common misconception about racism?

Racism only exists in overt forms and not through systemic issues. Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of microaggressions often misunderstood?

They are seen as insignificant and inconsequential. Signup and view all the answers

What role do college admissions officers play in perpetuating racism?

They may discriminate against individuals who do not conform to stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is Census Bureau?

official US government agency counting American population and classifying them by race Signup and view all the answers

Institutional racism happens in ...

hospitals, schools, police departments Signup and view all the answers

The Jim Crow segregation laws were abolished ...

because of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s Signup and view all the answers

System of racial segregation established in South Africa is called ...

apartheid Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered to be the father of modern racism?

Gobineau Signup and view all the answers

How did Gobineau classify the '3 races'?

white, black, yellow Signup and view all the answers

Which Hispanic groups lives the greatest number in the US?

Mexicans Signup and view all the answers

Who was the black woman who got arrested in 1955 for not giving up her seat for a white man?

Rosa Parks Signup and view all the answers

Latinos are the people descended from Latin America while Hispanics are people from all Spanish-speaking regions

True Signup and view all the answers

Which Hispanic group in the US considered to be the most successful?

Cubans Signup and view all the answers

Which term has the following definition?: minority groups exist separately and share economic and political life equally with the majority group in the given society

multiculturalism Signup and view all the answers

Every genocide is ethnic cleansing but not every ethnic cleansing is genocide.

False Signup and view all the answers

Emigration is migration ... a country and immigration is migration ... a country

out, into Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Race, Ethnicity, and Racism

Projections by the U.S. Census Bureau suggest Latinos will be the majority in the U.S. by 2044, and whites will no longer be a majority by that same year.
The U.S. Census Bureau is the official U.S. government agency for counting Americans.
Race is not a biological reality, but rather a social and political construction.
Race classifications have varied over time, reflecting societal changes.
Some sociologists argue that race is an ideological construct rather than a biological reality.
Racial categories can shift substantially over time, based on social factors and economic needs as well as societal opinions.
Racial classifications are often based on ancestry, but are socially constructed.
There are ongoing debates about how people from the Middle East should be classified racial-based on their appearance.
Census classifications can be influenced by prevailing societal biases and expectations.
The term "race" is culturally contextualized, and racial categories differ across cultures and societies.
The way people self-identify their race is not necessarily equivalent to social reality.

Learning Objectives

Understand the terms "race" and "ethnicity", and why these terms are highly contested concepts.
Learn key sociological concepts about racism in U.S. society.
Learn about racism in history and comparison.
Understand the current state of immigration and related inequalities in the U.S..

Basic Concepts

Race is a socially constructed category rooted in the belief that fundamental differences exist among humans.
Ethnicity refers to a source of social identity based on ancestry and cultural differences.

Thinking About Racism

Racism encompasses explicit racial supremacy beliefs and implicit racist behaviors.
Prejudice, stereotyping including scapegoating, and discrimination are key components of racism.
Several types of racism exist in contemporary society (e.g., overt, color-blind racism, institutional racism, and microaggressions).
White privilege refers to unearned advantages that benefit white people in daily life.

Race and Racism in Historical and Comparative Perspective

Understanding historical roots of ethnic conflict, and models for multiethnic societies is crucial.
Examine how Western colonialism has impacted race and ethnic relations globally.

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Description

Explore the sociological perspectives on race, ethnicity, and racism. This quiz delves into the complexities of how race is viewed as a social construct rather than a biological reality. Discover the impact of societal changes on race classifications and census data in the U.S.